The Red Gate, the gate of Gong Xue, refers to Gong Xue. Dongyang folk generals called the Confucian Temple and Gong Xue Nuo Gate. Dongyang Hongmen, based on the combination of temples and learning, is equipped with cultural facilities such as "inverted photo studio". It is a representative place for Dongyang people to cultivate their self-cultivation and thirst for knowledge. Its long tradition of humanistic quality education has lasted for thousands of years and has far-reaching influence. Moreover, the Hongmen Building in Dongyang is majestic, quiet and elegant, with unique site selection, layout, form and spirit, unique technology and clear cultural context, and its architecture and decoration are particularly characteristic of the hometown of various skills. First, the opening of Confucius Temple.
Confucius Temple is a place built by the government to worship Confucius, also known as Confucius Temple and Confucius Temple. When was Dongyang Confucian Temple founded? Qing Daoguang's "Dongyang County Records" contains: "In the fifth year of Song Chunhua, Yang Yin moved to the monument of Dai Shulun, and there was a picture of the Confucius Temple in Taiyuan Wangchang before the county, which is unknown." Yang Yin was a Dongyang county magistrate who took office in the fifth year of Chunhua in the Northern Song Dynasty (994). As soon as he took office, he moved his "put all your eggs in one basket" to the right of the Confucius Temple built in Wang Chang, Taiyuan.
"Going to the Monument for Thinking" was built to commemorate Dai Shulun's achievements in Dongyang County. Dai Shulun (732-789), a native of Jintan (now Jiangsu), was a famous poet in the Tang Dynasty. From the first year (780) to the fourth year (783) of Jianzhong in Tang Dezong, Dai Shulun was appointed as the magistrate of Dongyang County, with the title of supervising the imperial history. Qubeisi was founded in the first year of Tang Xingyuan (784), the second year after Dai Shulun left office. The full text of Ode to Lu Changyuan's Thought is contained in Daoguang's Dongyang County Records in Qing Dynasty. This paper not only describes Dai Shulun's decoration of Chongwen Temple in Dongyang, but also praises Dai Ling's achievements in advocating learning, respecting knowledge and attaching importance to education in Dongyang, which clearly states the fact that Confucius Temple experienced "decoration" during his tenure. According to Daoguang's "Dongyang County Records" in Qing Dynasty, there seem to be two points in the description of Dongyang Confucian Temple: First, there was a Confucian Temple in Dongyang in the middle of Tang Dynasty before Dai Shulun was appointed as Dongyang County magistrate; Second, the Confucian Temple created by Wang Changtu is the former site of the Southeast County Administration in step 179, which has been inherited until the county. However, there are other sites of Confucius Temple and Preface decorated by Dai Ling in Tang Dynasty, and the scale is not as large as the existing Nuo Gate site.
Second, the shape of Confucius Temple.
The modeling of Dongyang Confucian Temple is based on the remains of Confucian Temple from Qing Dynasty to the Republic of China. It follows the basic rules of the layout of the local Confucian temple, with the north facing south and the central axis symmetrical. From front to back, along the central axis, there are buildings such as Zhaobi, Lingxingmen, Chi Pan, Temple Gate (Dachengmen) and Dachengdian. Only Chongsheng Temple is located on the left side of Dacheng Hall.
Zhaobi Zhaobi, also known as "Wan Ren Palace Wall", is tall and straight, with four big characters written on it: "Yang Mi is high".
Lingxingmen The Lingxingmen of Dongyang Confucian Temple is a towering archway with five rooms and six columns.
There is a square between Lingxingmen and Zhaobi. Today's "Hong Men Square" is the reconstruction and expansion of the original Hong Men Square.
Pan Pool Pan Pool is a semicircular pool with an outward arc. Wen Xiushui from the south enters Chi Pan, a Confucian temple in Dongyang, and there is a north-south bridge in the pool. Wen Xiu Water introduced the water from the tea source pit of Malefeng in the south of the city into the city through Changsheng Hall, and then flowed into Chi Pan in front of the Confucian Temple.
Dacheng Hall Dacheng Hall is the core building of Confucian Temple. The Dacheng Hall of Dongyang Confucian Temple followed the usual system, resting on the top of a double-eaved mountain and located on a high platform. The walkway is perpendicular to the steps, and there are three steps in the south. In addition, there are Dongxi Temple, Chongsheng Temple, Xiangxian Temple, Minghuan Temple and Xiaozong Temple.
Dongyang Xiangxian Temple is on the west side of the temple gate. Since Liang, Shen Tudi and Tang, he has sacrificed dozens of rural sages. Sacrifice to rural sages belongs to ancestor worship in a broad sense, without the concept of consanguinity, and has great regional humanistic connotation. Mingguan Temple is on the right of Xiangxian Temple. Dai Shulun in Tang Dynasty, Bao 'an in Song Dynasty, Shu Bi, Peng Ruoqian and other officials who made contributions to Dongyang were commended. The filial son shrine is on the right of the famous official shrine. Some dutiful sons, such as Hanston and Kim, were commended. In Dongyang's humanistic inheritance, "filial piety" is quite distinctive, and filial piety has always been the foundation of Dongyang's virtue. The surviving place names such as Xiao Si, Filial Piety, Filial Piety and Huaide all record the humanistic inheritance of filial piety.
Third, the worship of Confucius Temple.
Confucius is enshrined in the Confucius Temple, and most of the people who enjoy the sacrifice are Confucius' students or Confucian representatives who are contemporary with Confucius and have contacts with Confucius.
Enjoying the sacrifice of followers was decided by the imperial court at the invitation of each dynasty. By the end of the Qing Dynasty, there were four ways for followers to enjoy sacrifices, twelve philosophers, sages and Confucianism.
The level of worship in temples is strict, but the position and manifestation of gods change with the times. By the end of the Qing Dynasty, all worshippers in Dongyang Confucian Temple were worshipping in Dacheng Hall in the form of "divine cards", and things became the Xuegong. First, the establishment of Gong Xue.
Gong Xue was built in the Song and Yuan Dynasties (1049) and the county magistrate made security. However, in the seventh year of Tang Gaozu's Wude (624), he wrote, "It is not far away to set up an examination class clearly and do our best to cut jade into tools. States, counties and villages, and make schools. Ma Duanlin, a famous historian at the end of the Song Dynasty and the beginning of the Yuan Dynasty, clearly put forward that "since the Tang Dynasty, there have been schools in counties". In the 12th year of Tang Dynasty (777), Dongyang was promoted to Wang Xianjun. Dongyang, as the king of xian county, built a Confucian temple and a study in the Tang Dynasty, which respected Confucius and Confucianism. During the reign of Dai Shulun in Dongyang County from the first year of Tang Jianzhong (780) to the fourth year of Tang Jianzhong (783), Dongyang County School was famous as a county country, and its praise was heard in hutongs, forming a system of combining Confucian Temple with Gong Xue. However, from the departure of Dai Ling in 783 to the fourth year of Li Qing (1044), schools were established in all counties. In the past 300 years, there have been many words in Dongyang Historical Records, but temples are not as good as learning. In the eighth year of Li Qing (1048), there is no record that the county school began to repair and expand on the basis of the original Gong Xue.
Second, the shape of Gong Xue.
Qing Daoguang's "Dongyang County Records" records that the magistrate's security guards built the Xuegong. In fact, the content is that the security guards built a school house on the basis of repairing and expanding the Confucian Temple. Mao Wei Zhan Ji in Song Dynasty has a clear account of this. "Confucius Temple has been reduced to a low level, but it is not as good as the home of thin people. The sun shone on dozens of rafters in the old house ... and the old site was too narrow, so I drove to the southeast official garden ... ". However, it can be admitted that Shangxiuwen Temple in Bao 'an has made great contributions to Gong Xue in site selection, scale expansion, and improvement of the architectural pattern of combining temple and learning.
The Gong Xue model mentioned in this paper is based on the model of the abandoned county in the thirty-third year of Guangxu reign (1907), but from the perspective of inheritance, it cannot be separated from the model founded by Bao Anshang, the magistrate of the Song Dynasty:
The place where the house stands tall is called the temple by worshippers. The statues of sages and ten philosophers are all shaped in it, which is very peaceful. There are 72 children painted on two walls ... The shade of the temple extends and the majority call it the lecture hall, which can be dozens of seats ... There are two halls in the hall, and there is a room for scholars under the hall. ...
The combination of temples and learning described in this passage in Mao Weizhan Ji has been destroyed and restored for thousands of years, but the basic pattern has not changed.
Minglun Hall is located in the north of Dacheng Hall. In the first year of the Northern Song Dynasty (1049), Ling Bao was called the "lecture hall". After many reconstructions, its address remains unchanged.
Zunjing Pavilion, located in the north of Minglun Hall, was built in the sixth year of Xichun in the Southern Song Dynasty (1 179) and was destroyed in the Chongzhen period of the Ming Dynasty. The existing Zunjing Pavilion was rebuilt in the sixth year of Jiaqing (180 1).
The Oracle is located in the east of Minglun Hall.
The training room is in the west of Minglun Hall.
Bi Hui Building was built in the east of Xingxingmen. When the Gong Xue Gate was rebuilt in the 22nd year of Wanli in Ming Dynasty (1594), it was the gatehouse of the main entrance of Gong Xue.
Jail is located in the east outside the temple gate.
The structures of gardens and temples are scattered in relevant texts. Only the Confucius Temple Cooper recorded in Daoguang County Records: "Every few books are juxtaposed around Chi Pan, and the water and the sky are connected, and the literary talent is particularly remarkable." Huiying Building and Eight Immortals Table
Huiying Building is located in the East Garden of the teaching building. In the 26th year of Shaoxing in the Southern Song Dynasty (1 156), it was built by Hu Jiayou, a city citizen. Huiying Building, like Gong Xue in Xia Ji, is a place where Dongyang scholars give lectures. "Looking at Nanshan from afar, looking at the double slopes, dazzling in paintings and surrounded by Confucius" provides a place for celebrities and literati in the city to "meet the studio", which effectively promotes the prosperity of culture and education. In the Southern Song Dynasty (1230), the Hui Studio was rebuilt. In the Yuan Dynasty, Chen Qiao wrote "Fu on Hui Studio", including "When the flying pavilion rose, the rainbow picked up the announcement, and a group of books and lacquers sweated elegant", "A laurel tree, graceful and graceful, with a room name leading wings, and jade soaring.
In the pre-school lane in front of Xingming Gate, there are three stone squares from east to west: Zhuangyuan Square, representing Li Zhongxiang, Zhou, Du, Yu Kui and Yu Zhongao respectively; Huikui Square, Zhang Guowei; Xieyuan Square is Lu Kaili. The renovation of Hongmen Building is innovative.
Buildings in Hong Men have been built for thousands of years. Although it has been destroyed, it is always beautiful in constant repair and innovation. The magnificent Nuo Gate shows us the most impressive concerto in Dongyang's cultural history, and it is a relay movement in which officials and people work hand in hand and encourage each other in the pursuit of "courtesy and righteousness". Parents who make a difference do not use "public money" as an excuse, but take it as their responsibility to promote learning and understanding, respect knowledge and cultivate talents, and plan with heart to help the people complete the task of repairing and reforming doors. In the third year of Ming Chenghua (1467), Ji Fang, the magistrate of a county, took office and rebuilt the Minglun Hall. "Searching for public deposits, only 220 taels of platinum" (Qing Daoguang's Dongyang County Records). It is impossible to complete the reconstruction task of Mingluntang with only 220 taels of silver, so Fang Ling colluded with Zhang, Zhao Mengfu and Lu in the city and appointed Zhao as the inside man. Looking at the officials of Dongyang yamen, there are not a few who change their politics, behave themselves, praise the people and think deeply about the people's feelings. For example, Dai Shulun in the Tang Dynasty, Bao An Shang and Wang Mei in the Song Dynasty, Guo Ying and Ren Qian in the Yuan Dynasty, Ji Fang, Miao Xun, Wang Zun and Zhao Shanzheng in the Ming Dynasty, Pan Shihuang, Hu, Ma Tianjue and Xu Chuanyi in the Qing Dynasty all occupied a seat in the Minghuan Temple in Hong Men. Among them, Zhao Shanzheng, the magistrate of a county who was in power in the fourth year of Wanli in Ming Dynasty (1576), lamented the limited number of students (20), so he donated his normal salary to set up the Fuchu Academy outside the south gate, thinking that there should be land supply for cultivating scholars, and advocated the establishment of learning fields (Dongyang County Records by Qing Daoguang and Xuetian Record by Jin Yun). Later, Pan Shihuang was taken as an example to establish Qing Shunzhi.
There are more than 40 overhauls in the history books of the Millennium, among which the main participants are city people, mainly three kinds of people: first, knowledgeable people, mostly students in the city; Second, Toshihiko and Fumin, such as Lu in Luzhai and Zhao Mengfu in Weishan, majored in Hong Men, and also built Dongjiang Bridge in Yiwu and Jiaxi Bridge in Yushan twice. Third, there are many aristocratic families who have inherited their father's career or passed it down from generation to generation. Wang Daoyuan, Wang Yuan, Wang Zheng and Wang Zhengyi, four generations of Chengnanmen in Qing Dynasty, specialized in Nuo Gate, among which Tai Wei Yan and Tai Zhengyi were the greatest renovations in Nuo Gate history. The budget for this overhaul is 520 silver. The project lasted for three years and actually cost 1120 silver. Another example is that during the Jiaqing period of the Ming Dynasty, the Yi people Zhang Taixu, Zhang's father and son, and Zhao Zuwan, who lived in the Ming Dynasty in 2003, all took part in the renovation of Hong Men. They left a beautiful name in the history of Hong Men.