Tao Yuanming in the Eastern Jin Dynasty

Building a house is human, and there are no horses and chariots.

What can you do? Pet-name ruby heart from afar.

Picking chrysanthemums under the east fence, you can see Nanshan leisurely.

The air in the mountains is getting better every day, and birds are coming back.

This makes sense. I forgot to tell the difference.

To annotate ...

(1) "Drinking", a total of 20 songs, was written by accident after drinking, not at the moment.

2 building a house: building a house. Knot, build, build Lu, a humble house.

③ Human habitat: a place where human beings live in compact communities.

④ Er: That's it.

⑤ Evening: Evening.

Stage 6: companionship.

⑦ Want to distinguish but forget to say: Want to distinguish but don't know how to express. Distinguish, distinguish

8 carefree: a leisurely look.

Pet-name ruby heart far away from self-prejudice: the heart is far away from the secular, and naturally the place where you live feels secluded.

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Living in the world, there is no noise of horses and chariots. You ask me why, as long as my heart is far away from downtown, I naturally feel lonely where I live. Picking chrysanthemums under the east fence, leisurely, the distant Nanshan reflects people's eyes. The mountains are dense, the sun is setting, the scenery in the evening is really good, and there are birds, which come together. This contains the true meaning of life. I want to distinguish it, but I forget how to express it in words. (here: the scenery here and now refers to the scenery in the mountains, living in seclusion. )

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This is the fifth of the twenty songs in Drinking. The main purpose of poetry is to show the poet's thinking process of understanding the "true meaning" by using the theory of "forgetting the image with pride" in Wei and Jin metaphysics, which is full of rational interest. However, it is not a boring philosophical deduction. The poem writes about carefree feelings and beautiful distant scenery. In the realm of scene blending, there is a philosophy that everything is in its place and entrusted for life. This philosophy is refined and condensed by the poet into epigrams such as "the heart is far away from oneself" and "the truth is inside", which gives readers rational enlightenment and makes the rhyme of the whole poem more beautiful and profound.

In the Song Dynasty, Zhu said: "Although the figures in Jin and Song Dynasties are still lofty, they all want official positions. Here, they speak freely, and there, they demand rights and goods. Can Tao Yuanming really have it? This is higher than the figures in the Jin and Song Dynasties. " This poem depicts the different spiritual characteristics of the poem. Unlike ordinary hermits, he flaunts that he was born outside the dust, but "building a house is based on human feelings"; He is in a "human environment", but he can achieve "no car and no horse" and not dye worldly things. What is the reason? The poet said meaningfully: "The heart is far from self-centered". Peace of mind, peace of mind If you don't seek fame and fortune, even if you live in a downtown area, it's like living in a deep mountain. This profound truth is plain and touching by the poet. Poetry skillfully uses symbolism. "The bird is tired of flying, but it knows it is back." The birds coming back in the evening photos are in harmony with the people who see the mountains leisurely, as if they all found their homes in this quiet mountain forest.

Brief introduction of the author

Tao Yuanming (365-427) was a great poet in the Eastern Jin Dynasty. Also known as money, he is cheerful and quiet in private. Xunyang Chaisang (now Jiujiang, Jiangxi) was born. He comes from a poor bureaucratic landlord family. Educated by Confucianism since childhood, I am full of illusions about life and hope to realize my ambition of "helping the poor" through my official career. Since the age of 29, he has served as Jiangzhou wine-offering, Zhenjun joining the army and pengze county. He was dissatisfied with the dark reality that gentry and landlords were in power at that time. When he was appointed as pengze county's order, he quit his job and went home in just over 80 days because he didn't want to "bend over and fight for rice", and he wrote down the word "back to Xi", which goes without saying. From then on, he devoted himself to self-financing until he died of poverty and illness at the age of 63.

Lao Guo Ren Zhuang Meng Haoran

To annotate ...

1. Pass: visit, visit, visit.

An old friend's farm: an old friend's farm.

2. Equipment: preparation.

3. Xiaomi: yellow rice

4. Close: Surround.

5. Guo: This refers to the city wall, and this refers to the periphery of the village.

6. Nursery: threshing floor and vegetable garden.

7. Just: Go ahead. The meaning here is appreciation.

8. to: to.

9. Xuan: refers to the window.

10. On chrysanthemum: it refers to enjoying chrysanthemum and drinking.

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This old friend prepared a delicious meal and invited me to his hospitable farm.

My old friend prepared a sumptuous dinner and invited me to his Tian She.

Green Woods surround the village and green hills are located outside the city.

The village is surrounded by green trees, and the green hills around the village stand obliquely.

Open the window facing the valley vegetable garden and pass the glass to talk about crops.

Open the window to the threshing floor and vegetable garden, drink wine and talk about farming.

Please come here to see chrysanthemums when the ninth festival comes.

Wait until the Double Ninth Festival in September, and I will drink and enjoy the flowers.

Brief analysis

"Prepare chicken and rice for me, old friend. You entertain me on your farm." This beginning is like a note in a diary. The old friend "invited" and I "arrived". There is no rendering in the text, it is simple and casual. This is just a possible form between friends who don't need to be polite. The invitation of "chicken and millet" not only shows the unique flavor of Tianjia, but also shows the simplicity of hospitality. It is this kind of hospitality without ceremony and ostentation and extravagance that makes the hearts of friends more open to each other. This beginning is calm and natural, but it is an excellent introduction to the content of life to be developed, showing the characteristics of the atmosphere, which needs to be further enriched and developed below.

We looked at the green trees around your village and the pale blue of the distant mountains. (Zhizhuang) "We watched the green trees around your village", close-up. "Harmony" means that the village is surrounded by green trees, forming a quiet world. "and the pale blue in remote mountainous areas", vision. "Oblique" means overlooking the green hills outside the city, forming a vast realm. The distant view sets off the close-up view and depicts the vast and quiet environment of Laoyou Village. Poets are naturally very happy and relaxed when they come to such an environment.

For these two sentences, people pay more attention to "talking about Sang Ma" and think that they are forgetful in farming, which is true. But with a large grain field and vegetable garden in front of the porch window, surrounded by green shade, it gives people a spacious and stretched feeling. Sang Ma makes you feel more rural. Therefore, we can not only appreciate the stronger local flavor, the flavor of labor production, but also smell the soil flavor on the nursery, see the growth and harvest of crops, and even see the characteristics of regions and seasons. With the combination of these two sentences and the first two sentences, green trees, green hills, cottages, playgrounds and Sang Ma blend together harmoniously, forming a beautiful and quiet pastoral landscape, while the laughter of the host and guest and the words about Sang Ma seem to linger in our ears.

Wait until the mountain is on holiday, and I'll come back at chrysanthemum time. (Farewell) Meng Haoran was deeply attracted by farm life, so when he left, he told his master frankly that he would come back to see chrysanthemums on the Double Ninth Festival in autumn. A few simple poems, the enthusiasm of old friends to treat each other, the pleasure of being a guest, and the cordial harmony between the host and the guest are all on the paper. An ordinary farm, an ordinary dinner of chicken and millet is so poetic. It describes the prospect of the eyes, and the level of description is completely natural in spoken language. The pen and the pen are very relaxed, and even the form of rhythmic poetry is free and flexible. The enthusiasm of friends for treating each other, the poet's pleasure of being a guest, and the profound friendship between them are all deeply contained in the word "Hui".

Brief introduction of the author

Meng Haoran (689 ~ 740), a poet in the Tang Dynasty, whose real name was Hao, was Haoran. Xiangyang Xiangzhou (now Xiangfan, Hubei) Xiangyang is known as Meng Xiangyang in the world. Mainly writing pastoral landscape poems. He was a poet who died in seclusion in the Tang Dynasty. In his early years, he lived in seclusion and studied at home. At the age of 30, he went to Chang 'an to take an exam and seek an official position. He was depressed and returned to his hometown. He once wrote a poem named Gong Qing in imperial academy, and he wrote for it. He has a close friendship with Wang Wei. Legend has it that Wang Wei once invited himself into the office, just as Xuanzong arrived, Haoran fled to the bed. Wang Wei didn't dare to hide it. According to the facts, Xuanzong was ordered to see it. Haoran recited his poem to the sentence "I was exiled by a wise ruler because of my mistakes", but Xuanzong was not happy. He said, "You don't want to be an official, and I haven't abandoned you. Why do you falsely accuse me!" Put it back in Xiangyang. After roaming in wuyue, I was extremely poor. In the 22nd year of Kaiyuan (734), Han Chaozong invited Meng Haoran to Chang 'an to extend his reputation. But he didn't want to be famous, so he stood me up and got nowhere. In the 25th year of Kaiyuan, Zhang Jiuling became the long history of Jingzhou, which led to the shogunate. Before long, he returned to his former residence. In the 28th year of Kaiyuan, Wang Changling visited Xiangyang and Meng Haoran. They met and enjoyed each other. Meng Haoran has a poisonous sore on his back. He will be fine. He died because he indulged in feasting and eating fresh food.

Wang Fu (Tang Dynasty)

What a magnificent scenery Mount Tai is! Out of Qilu, green peaks can still be seen.

The magical nature brings together thousands of beautiful mountains in the south and the separation between morning and dusk in the north.

Layers of white clouds, cleaning the gully on the chest; The flat bird flew into the eye socket.

Try to climb to the top of the mountain: it dwarfs all the peaks under our feet. [ 1]

To annotate ...

Yue: This refers to Mount Tai, the first of the five mountains, and the other four mountains are Xiyue: Huashan; Beiyue: Hengshan; Nanyue: Hengshan; Zhongyue: Songshan Mountain.

Daizong: Mount Tai, also known as Daishan or Daiyue, is located in the north of Tai 'an City, Shandong Province. In ancient times, Mount Tai was the head of the five mountains, and the mountains lived here, so it was also called "Daizong". Emperors of past dynasties held meditation ceremonies, all of which were in this mountain.

F: read "fú". Pronunciation words have no practical meaning, emphasizing interrogative tone.

Qilu: Ancient Qilu was bounded by Mount Tai, with Qi in the north and Lu in the south. That is Shandong. It was originally two country names in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period.

Green: Mountain color. Unfinished: endless. Unfinished: it means gloomy mountains, boundless, and it's hard to say anything.

Nature: refers to heaven and earth and nature. Zhong: Assemble. Shen Xiu: It refers to the magical and beautiful scenery of Mount Tai.

And then what? The day immediately enters dawn and dusk. It means that the north and south sides of the mountain, one bright and one dark, are completely different. Yin and Yang: Yin refers to the north of the mountain (water south) and Yang refers to the south of the mountain (water north). Cut: points. Mount Tai is very high, and at the same time, the south of the mountain is different from the north sooner or later.

Swing your chest: Swing your heart.

Zeng: Dieyun. Over the "layer".

Decision (z √): Decision: Split. Corner of eye Decision: Try to open your eyes.

The returning bird; Follow the returning birds. Enter: When you are seen, you see it.

Will be: eventually, definitely.

Ling: The board of directors.

Small: The conative use of adjectives means "regard … as small, and think that … is also small"

translate

What is the scene of Mount Tai, the head of the Five Mountains? Its peaks stretch on the land of Qilu, and the green hills are endless.

Nature gathers all the magic and beauty here. Although it is at the same time, it is as bright as dawn and as dark as dusk.

The clouds in the mountains germinate layer by layer, so the mind is washed. At dusk, the homing mountain bird is flying far into the sky, and it can only be seen with wide eyes.

One day, I must climb to the top of the mountain. At that time, overlooking the peaks, how small they would be!

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There is not a word "Wang" in the whole poem, and every sentence is about seeing Yue. The distance is from far to near, and the time is from morning till night. Wang Yue thinks about the future and climbs to Yue.

The first sentence is "the grandeur of Mount Tai! ? When I first saw Mount Tai, I was so happy that I didn't know how to describe it. My admiration and admiration are very vivid. Dai is another name for Mount Tai. Being the first of the five mountains, he was honored as Daizong. "How is the husband", that is, what is it? In ancient Chinese, the word "fu" was usually used as a function word at the beginning of a sentence. It is a novelty to integrate it into poetry here. Although the word "husband" has no substantive meaning, it is indispensable. The so-called "vivid portrayal is being blocked."

"Endless green spans Qilu and Qilu" is the answer after some imitation. It is neither abstractly saying that Mount Tai is high, nor using the general language of "Cui Bi pricks the sky" as in Xie Lingyun's "Ode to Mount Tai", but it has written its own experience in an ingenious way-in addition to the two great countries in ancient Qilu, Mount Tai can still be seen from a distance, and the height of Mount Tai is set off by distance. Mount Tai is Lu in the south and Qi in the north. This sentence describes the geographical features, and can't be misappropriated when writing about other mountains. In the Ming Dynasty, Mo Ruzhong's poem "Wang Yuelou in Dengdong County" said: "Qilu is not yet a teenager. Who will inherit Ling Du in the poem? " He put forward this poem in particular, arguing that no one can succeed.

The phrase "the creator has given all mysterious natural grace here, and? The day immediately enters dawn and dusk. " It describes the magical beauty and lofty image of Mount Tai seen from a close look, which is the footnote of the last sentence "unfinished youth". The word "zhong" is naturally affectionate. Xiangyang in front of the mountain is "Yang" and Xiangyang behind the mountain is "Yin". Because of the height of the mountain, the dusk in the sky is judged to be cut on both sides of the mountain, so it is called "cutting dusk" "Qie" is a very common word, but it is really a "strange adventure" to use it here. It can be seen that the poet Du Fu's writing style of "language is not surprising and never stops" was developed in his youth.

"Clouds Wangfu? My mind is free and easy, and birds fly back and forth in front of my nervous eyes. " In two words, it is to write a beautiful hope. Seeing the endless clouds in the mountains, my heart is also rippling; Because I stared at it for a long time, I felt as if my eyes were going to break. A homing bird refers to a bird that has returned to its nest in the forest. It is already dusk, and the poet is still in sight. It contains the poet's love for the motherland.

"Once you climb to the top of the mountain, you will see that all the other mountains look short under the sky." These last two sentences are about the desire to climb Yue arising from looking at Yue. "Hui" is a spoken language in the Tang Dynasty, which means "must". For example, Wang Bo's "Ode to Spring": "It must be a dusty thing, covering the Spring Bamboo Pavilion." Sometimes the word "Hui" is used alone, such as Sun Guangxian's "North Dream": "I will kill this vertical shaft one day!" In other words, there are often single users in Du Fu's poems, such as "Old Shu in this life, Qin after death!" It is inaccurate and arrogant to interpret "will" as "should".

From these two inspiring and symbolic poems, we can see the ambition and spirit of the poet Du Fu who is not afraid of difficulties, dares to climb to the top and overlooks everything. In Qing Dynasty, Pu Yin Long thought that Du Fu's poems "put righteousness first" and said that "Du Fu's soul is beautiful and impressive. Take it as a volume and make it a town. " (Reading Jie) also emphasized the symbolic significance of these two poems. This is exactly the same as Du Fu's "comparing himself with Qi Guo" in politics and "frustrated in Lei Jia and short-sighted in Cao Liu wall" in creation. This poem was praised as a "swan song" by later generations, and carved stone as a monument, standing at the foot of the mountain.

Brief introduction of the author

Du Fu's portrait Du Fu (7 12 ~ 770 AD) is beautiful as a flower, and posthumous title Shaoling is old at night, so he is called Du Shaoling and Du Gongbu. Han nationality, a native of Gongxian County, Henan Province (now Gongyi, Zhengzhou), was originally from Xiangyang, Hubei Province. Life is hard. Du Fu lived in the historical period from prosperity to decline in the Tang Dynasty, and his poems mostly involved social unrest, political darkness and people's sufferings. His poems are called "the history of poetry". He was a great realistic poet in China in the Tang Dynasty, known as a "poet saint" and a world cultural celebrity, and was also called "Du Li" with Li Bai. Du Fu was originally Zuo Shiyi and Yuan Wailang, and later he was called Du Shiyi and Du Gongbu. He is good at ancient customs and rhythmic poems, and his styles are diverse, but he is mainly depressed. Du Fu is concerned about the country and the people, with noble personality and exquisite poetic skills. Du Fu wrote more than 1400 poems in his life, many of which are famous works that have been handed down through the ages, such as Three Officials, Three Farewells and Du Gongbu Collection. Among them, the "three officials" are Shi Haoguan, Xin 'an official and Tongguan official, and the "three farewell" are newly married, homeless and resigned. Du Fu's poems were the most widely circulated in the Tang Dynasty, and he was one of the most outstanding poets in the Tang Dynasty, which had a far-reaching influence on later generations.