I. Life and educational practice
Pestalozzi was born in a doctor's family in Zurich, Switzerland on 1746. 1762 After graduating from high school, Pestalozzi entered Caroline College, a university with humanistic tendency. During his college years, Pestalozzi read works such as Emile and Social Contract written by Rousseau, a French enlightenment thinker and educator, and was influenced by bourgeois democratic revolutionary thought. Pestalozzi's important educational works include: Lianhard and Godud, How Godud Educates Her Children, etc.
Second, about the role of education.
Therefore, he advocates that education should be the wealth of the whole people and everyone should be educated. He severely criticized the unequal national education system at that time. Pestalozzi emphasized the role of education in personal development. Pestalozzi attaches importance to human nature and demands education according to human nature.
Third, about the purpose of education.
Pestalozzi believes that the purpose of education should be "to promote the all-round and harmonious development of all human natural abilities and strengths". Pestalozzi believes that human nature includes three aspects: intelligence, spirit and body, which are interrelated.
According to the above ideas, Pestalozzi put forward the principle that "education must adapt to nature". He believes that education should be carried out step by step according to human nature and its development order. He also believes that education that follows nature must make children's abilities or advantages develop in a balanced and harmonious way.
Fourth, factor education.
The core of Pestalozzi's teaching theory system is his factor education theory.
The basic idea of factor education theory is that the education process should start with some simplest "factors" that children can accept, and then gradually turn to increasingly complex factors, so as to promote the all-round and harmonious development of children's natural abilities and strengths. He thinks that there are some simplest factors in any knowledge about objects. If people can master them, they can understand the world around them. There is also the simplest factor for students to master knowledge. If teachers master it, they can improve the teaching effect and promote the all-round and harmonious development of students. To this end, he advocates that the education and teaching of children should start with the simplest elements, and then gradually expand and deepen.
Pestalozzi's theory of factor education is rooted in his understanding of the natural adaptability of education. He believes that children are born with the ability and strength to demand developmental tendencies. Education should adapt to children's nature and follow the natural development order of children's natural ability and strength. The development of children's ability is from simple to complex, so education should start with the simplest elements and gradually turn to more complex aspects. He pointed out the simplest elements in all kinds of education, which exist in children as the expression of their natural ability and are the basis of all kinds of education.
Verb (abbreviation of verb) element education theory
Pestalozzi's theory of factor education is embodied in his theory and practice of primary education. It includes physical education, moral education and intellectual education. Pestalozzi believes that it is very necessary to realize all aspects of education in close contact and interaction.
(1) Sports
Pestalozzi attaches great importance to the important role of sports in achieving educational goals and tasks. He believes that physical education is closely related to intellectual education, moral education and labor education. He believes that the task of physical education is to develop children's physical strength and skills. He called the single element in motion the motion of each joint. By practicing these simple to complex joint movements, you can gradually develop your child's physical strength and various skills. He thinks that sports should be carried out at home with school. In the family, we can combine various actions of daily life, through some natural forms such as diet, daily life and labor. In school, we should follow some sports activities stipulated by the school, such as games, military gymnastics, forest tourism, swimming, manual labor, sports meetings and so on.
education in ethics
Moral education is the core of Pestalozzi's whole education system. Pestalozzi believes that the formation of people and their moral values is the center of the whole education; Moral education is an extremely important aspect of cultivating people with harmonious development, and it is in the primary position in the whole education. According to Pestalozzi, the simplest element of moral education is children's love for their mothers. The further development of this kind of love is the realization of one's moral strength. In this way, the foundation of children's moral education must first be at home. In the family, we must first cultivate children's love for their mothers. This kind of moral seed is produced by the mother's love for the baby and meeting its physiological needs. Children love their mother, and then gradually expand to love other members of the family. The further development of children's moral strength-love, should be separated from the family and realized in school. So here, he will certainly expand his love to love all mankind, so as to realize that he is a member of all mankind, and a person's moral strength will be realized. He demanded that school moral education should first be connected with family education methods, there should be no boundaries between schools and families, and schools should be filled with the atmosphere of trust and brotherly love in families. He emphasized that passionate feelings for every virtue are better than his empty talk. Therefore, he advocates that morality and religion should be rarely explained, but should focus on arousing and developing children's moral feelings; And before talking about morality, we should awaken children's moral feelings.
Pestalozzi believes that the important means of moral education is to let children practice moral behavior, which can make children learn self-control and form will quality. It is also believed that moral behavior can only be consolidated through repeated practice.
As for the formation of correct moral concepts, Pestalozzi uses children's impressions and experiences in daily life to make them often compare and reflect on right and wrong.
Pestalozzi also advocates that children should be educated by reasoning rather than resorting to corporal punishment.
Pestalozzi's moral education is closely related to religious education.
(3) intellectual education
Pestalozzi's view of intellectual education is based on his epistemology. His epistemological basis is that the process of affirming knowledge begins with perceptual knowledge, and then perceptual knowledge is transformed by consciousness with the help of transcendental concepts. He believes that human wisdom is improved from perceptual knowledge to clear concepts according to some eternal laws, and only by following these laws can we achieve results in teaching. He believes that "the means to make all the knowledge gained from sensory impressions clear are numbers, shapes and languages." Pestalozzi identified number, form and language as the basic elements of teaching, and intellectual education was realized with the help of these three elements. In the teaching process, children master numbers by calculation, shapes by measurement and languages by speaking. Therefore, the elements of teaching can be summed up in the cultivation of three abilities in teaching: calculation, measurement and speech, that is, the intellectual education that children should receive includes three parts: calculation teaching, measurement teaching and speech teaching. Pestalozzi also believes that numbers, shapes and sounds each contain simpler elements as a premise. Based on the theory of factor education, Pestalozzi has greatly changed the teaching subjects and contents of primary schools. Teaching subjects include reading, calligraphy, arithmetic, preliminary geometry, measurement, painting, singing, gymnastics and basic knowledge of geography, history and nature.
Intellectual education principle
Pestalozzi believes that the most important foundation of teaching is intuition. He believes that children can't acquire perceptual knowledge of all kinds of things and objects, develop their thinking and language, and the task of teaching can't be completed without applying generalized intuition. Intuition is one of Pestalozzi's main educational principles.
Pestalozzi opposes the teaching method that allows children to memorize only oral instructions and written words. He advocates giving full play to children's enthusiasm and initiative in teaching, and thinks that teaching should be combined with children's personal experience of things.
Pestalozzi also put forward the principle of gradual progress. He believes that teaching must be carried out in strict order.
Achievement of intransitive verbs and its influence
Pestalozzi is a great bourgeois democratic education practitioner and educational theorist. He devoted his life to education. The educational theory he summed up from educational practice is of great significance.
Pestalozzi studied the teaching methods of primary school subjects according to the principle that education adapts to nature and the theory of essential education. Its scope covers almost all the teaching subjects in primary schools today, thus laying the foundation for primary school teaching methods. Pestalozzi won the title of the founder of primary school teaching method in the history of education.
Pestalozzi first put forward the concept of primary education, determined the purpose and significance of primary schools, and expanded the teaching content of primary schools, which is a positive contribution to the theory and practice of primary education. He has a special knowledge of teaching methods.
/kloc-in the 20th century, the spirit and theory of Pestalozzi's educational reform had an international influence. Pestalozzi's theory was introduced into the United States from Switzerland, Britain, France, Germany and other countries at the beginning of the19th century, and gradually flourished, which also had an important impact on American education at that time.
Pestalozzi's pre-school education theory had an important influence on wrobel.
Pestalozzi put forward the idea of combining education with productive labor and actively carried out experiments, which is of great significance in the history of education. His theory of labor education has also had a great influence on educational practice. Pestalozzi's labor education thought has also had a positive impact on the education of street children, deaf-mutes, disabled people and criminals.
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