What is action research method? Action research method is a research method suitable for the vast number of educational practitioners. It is not only a method and technology, but also a new scientific research concept and research type. Action research is a research method, with the participation of practical workers and researchers, to find topics from practical work needs and conduct research in the process of practical work, so that the research results can be understood, mastered and applied by practical workers, thus achieving the purpose of solving practical problems and changing social behavior. As a technical term and research type, actionresearch began to appear in American social science research in 1940s, and was applied to educational research in 1950s. Since 1970s, it has been more and more welcomed by educational researchers, and now it has become the main way for educational practitioners to engage in educational research. (1) Basic concepts of action research For a long time, people have always regarded "action" and "research" as concepts in two different fields. "Action" refers to the practical work and activities of practitioners and practitioners; "Research" mainly refers to the discussion of human social activities and social sciences by specially trained professional workers, scholars and experts. "Action" and "research" are two different concepts, which are used to indicate that different people are engaged in different activities. In the field of educational research, action and research have been separated for a long time. Many educational researchers have chosen subjects that are seriously divorced from the practical needs of educational technology, and they have to extend the "achievements" of their research to the practical work of education. This makes it difficult for teachers and educational administrators in the front line of education to accept this. Teachers in the front line of education are rich in knowledge and have accumulated a lot of experience in practice. In fact, they can provide educational researchers with a lot of practical problems and inexhaustible research topics. Therefore, let them participate in educational research, make them become researchers of their own actual situation, improve their educational theory level, and effectively apply the research results to their own practical work. Educational researchers are not authoritative guides, but should go deep into the front line of education, cooperate with front-line teachers to carry out research, assume the responsibility of solving practical problems, and overcome the defects based on research assumptions. (2) Characteristics of action research; 1. Research purpose-focusing on solving problems encountered in practice; 1. Research situation; 2. Research object-practitioners; 3. Application of research; 3. The research process of action researchers; 3. Pay attention to cooperation; 3. solve the problem; 3. The result of inference is immediately applicable. According to ⒑' s research methods-human development, self-reflection and self-education-there are both quantitative and qualitative methods, as well as qualitative research, some scholars summarize action research into three main characteristics: research for action; Action research; The study of actors. Action research points out the purpose of action research. The purpose of the research is not to establish a systematic academic theory, but to solve the problems encountered by practitioners in their situation. The research purpose is practical. The solution to the problem is direct. 2. Research is in action. Action research points out the research situation and methods. The environment of action research is the working situation of actual workers, not a specially arranged or controlled scene. The verification process of action research is the process of practical workers solving problems, the performance of actions, and the process of practical workers learning to reflect, explore and solve problems. 3. Actor research points out that the main body of action research is practitioners, not foreign experts and scholars. The role of experts and scholars involved in the research is to provide advice and consultation. It is a collaborator, not a research object. (III) Mode of Action Research Many scholars have given different definitions of action research and expounded it from different angles. At the same time, they also put forward many operation modes of action research. The following are some influential operation modes: 1. Lei Wen's spiral circulation model is an important pioneer of Lei Wen's action research. He not only put forward the terms and methods of action research for the first time, but also put forward that action research includes four links: planning, action, observation and reflection. Later, after reflection, the plan was further modified as the beginning of another cycle, thus modifying the spiral cycle mode. 3.D. D.Ebbutt's action research model, 1985) includes the following main steps: (1) the formation of general concepts, including the formation of problems, the diagnosis of the causes of problems, and the analysis of problem situations. (2) In the investigation stage, that is, the data collection stage, it is necessary to make a plan for data collection, and which method is used to collect data? What information was collected? Who is in charge of this work? (3) Draw up an overall plan, that is, draw up an effective action plan and make appropriate adjustments according to the evaluation results. (4) Take action to put the plan into practice. (5) If the implementation results of the action monitoring and self-assessment plan can't be answered according to the original idea, and the problem has not been solved, the idea should be revised, that is, re-analyze the problem, re-diagnose the cause, re-collect data, re-make the plan and re-act. (6) Revise the concept, re-test, re-plan and re-act. 3. Mackernan's action research model, which is a time process model. The model points out that according to the development of time, action research should include several action cycles, and each cycle includes seven basic links: determining problems, evaluating needs, putting forward ideas, making action plans, implementing plans, evaluating actions, and making decisions (reflecting on behaviors). According to the results of the action, the problems that need to be studied in the second action cycle are determined again. ⒌ Deking's Action Research Mode Deking's Action Research Mode is based on Lei Wen's spiral cycle mode, which is widely used in action research at present. This model also includes four links: planning, action, observation and reflection. However, Deking combined these four links with educational practice and illustrated them with practical examples, which made the content of the model more vivid and concrete. (4) Basic links of action research Although there are many modes of action research and some differences in the specific steps of implementing action research, some of its basic ideas are common in the basic operation process. These ideas include: the starting point of action research should be the definition and analysis of problems; Action research should include the evaluation of the plan and its implementation, and make improvements on the basis of this evaluation; Generally speaking, the process of action research is a spiral development process. Each spiral development circle includes four interrelated and interdependent links. These four links are planning, action, observation and reflection. This part discusses the functions and contents of four basic links of action research based on Deak action research model. 1. Planning "Planning" refers to making a "master plan" and a specific action plan for each step on the premise of a large number of facts and investigations. Planning is the first link in the process of action research and rational work. The "planning" link contains three aspects of content and requirements. (1) The plan begins with the need to solve the problem. It requires researchers to start with the current situation investigation and problem diagnosis, and make it clear: First, what is the current situation? Why is this happening? Second, what is the problem? In what sense is there a problem? Third, what are the key issues? What are the factors that restrict its solution? Fourth, among many constraints, which ones are important but cannot be changed for a while? What can be changed, but it is not important? What is important and can create conditions to change it? Fifth, what conditions should be created and what methods should be taken to improve them? Sixth, what kind of idea is the best? (2) The plan includes the general idea and each specific action step. At the very least, we should arrange the progress of the first and second steps of action research. (3) The plan must be fully flexible and open. With the deepening of the understanding of the problem, we should not only consider and accommodate the known constraints, contradictions and conditions, but also accommodate all kinds of unexpected, unknown and discovered situations and factors in action. In this sense, the plan is temporary and can be modified. The main task of the start and end date of the action research agenda stage is to observe and evaluate the completion of the overall plan. The first action step is to evaluate and modify the master plan. The second action plan is 2. Action "action" refers to the implementation of the plan, which is a purposeful, responsible and planned action process of the actors. In action, we should make changes in a planned and controlled way. Promote the improvement of work in the process of change, including the improvement of understanding and the improvement of the environment for taking action. We should consider the changes in the actual situation and constantly adjust our actions. "Action" includes: (1) Action is a purposeful, responsible and planned practical step after getting the feedback information about the background and the action itself. This kind of action has the nature of implementing plans and solving problems. (2) Practitioners and researchers act together. In educational research, parents, people in society and students can all become partners. It is necessary to coordinate the forces of all parties to ensure that they are in place. (3) Pay attention to the change of the actual situation, and constantly adjust the action with the gradual deepening of the understanding of the action and background, as well as the supervision, observation and evaluation suggestions of all participants. It is flexible and dynamic. 3. Observation "observation" refers to the investigation of the process, results, background and characteristics of the actors. "Observation" is the premise of reflection, modification of plans and next action. Observation in action research includes: (1) observation can be not only the record observation of various effective means of actors' own actions, but also the observation of others. Multi-angle observation is more conducive to a comprehensive and profound understanding of the action process. Therefore, action research often comes from the "triangle observation method" of navigation and military investigation. (2) Observation mainly refers to the observation of the process, results, background and characteristics of the actors. Because social activities, especially educational activities, are restricted by many factors in the actual environment, many factors cannot be determined and predicted in advance, let alone completely controlled. Therefore, observation plays a very important role in action research. In action research, observation is the premise of reflection, modification of plan and determination of next action. In order to make observation systematic, comprehensive and objective, action research encourages researchers to use various effective techniques. The contents of observation are as follows: 1. The background factors of action and their restrictive ways. The second is the process of action, including who participated in the implementation of the plan in what way, what materials were used, what major activities were arranged, and whether there were any unexpected changes. Interference, how to eliminate it and so on. Third, the results of actions include expectations and accidents, positive and negative. Background information is the basic material for analyzing the effectiveness of the plan, process information is the observation basis for judging whether and how the plan brings effect, and result information is the direct basis for analyzing what effect the plan brings. These data are indispensable for effect analysis. To improve the quality of action research, we must pursue the scientificity of observation, flexibly use various known observation techniques and data, materials, collection and analysis techniques, make detailed records of actual situation and sampling of working hours, sample events, diary descriptions and anecdote records, list method, action verification records and behavior coding records, direct observation and indirect investigation and interview tests, text descriptions and audio and video recordings, and so on. In order to ensure the objectivity of observation, researchers and practical workers, outsiders and parties should observe from different angles and grasp the whole process of action comprehensively and profoundly. 4. Reflection "reflection" is the end point of one spiral circle and the intermediary of transition to another spiral circle. The link of reflection includes: (1) sorting out and describing, that is, summarizing and sorting out the observed and felt phenomena related to the formulation and implementation of the plan, describing the process and results of this cycle, and constructing a vivid action process in many aspects. (2) Evaluation and explanation, that is, to judge and evaluate the process and results of the action, analyze and explain the relevant phenomena and reasons, and find out the inconsistencies between the plan and the results. Thus forming a basic train of thought. Whether the master plan and the next action plan need to be revised, and the judgment and conception of what changes need to be made. (3) write a research report. Action research report has its own characteristics, allowing many different writing forms. For example, let all participants write narrative stories together, let different voices speak together, or make up a series of personal narratives and life experiences so that the parties can speak directly to the public. In recent years, the operational process of action research has made new progress. For example, in the process of research, the basic idea of allowing roving handover is that researchers can not only modify the overall plan according to the gradual in-depth understanding and actual situation, but also change the research topic. In addition, the current action research emphasizes the supervision of the whole process of action and pays attention to the feedback and openness of the system. At present, the text of action research has transcended the boundaries between science and literature and is challenging the orthodox scientific research discourse system.