The peak of China's feudal dynasty was the Song Dynasty, not the Tang Dynasty. Song Dynasty is the dynasty with the most prosperous economy, the most advanced science and technology, the most prosperous culture, the deepest art and the richest people's living standard in the history of China. Song Dynasty was the most brilliant dynasty in China, and it was also the country with the most inventions in the world at that time. The Song Dynasty was also the period when China made the greatest contribution to the world. More than half of the important inventions in China's history appeared in the Song Dynasty. At that time, three of China's so-called four great inventions were invented or began to be applied on a large scale, including gunpowder, compass, printing, paper money, vertical textile and important reforms in porcelain-making technology. In the Song Dynasty, navigation, shipbuilding, medicine, technology and agricultural technology all reached unprecedented and unparalleled heights in ancient times. The Song Dynasty also developed a new science, technical science. These brilliant achievements are directly related to the overall civilization of the Song Dynasty. The GDP of Song Dynasty accounts for 50% of the world. The comprehensive strength of a country, both in quality and quantity, was the largest in the world in Song Dynasty. The Song Dynasty has reached the peak of the feudal dynasty, and the seeds of capitalism have emerged.

I. [Economy and Commerce in Song Dynasty]

Song Dynasty was the only dynasty in ancient China that didn't implement the policy of "restraining business" for a long time. Since the Song Dynasty, it has been managing pits and organizing the development of tea salt. As a result, a large number of farmers liberated from the land invested in commercial handicrafts, and the private economy was stimulated and developed by leaps and bounds. Created unprecedented wealth and prosperity. At the beginning of the Song Dynasty, Song Taizu Zhao Boxin called on people to "accumulate more money, live in a city house to bequeath their children and grandchildren, and sing and dance until the end of their lives". Song Taizong also wrote a letter "Let the two systems know how to discuss politics and prosperity", so that officials can learn how to manage money and seek wealth. Song Shenzong, on the other hand, believed in "managing money first" and promulgated the imperial edict of "managing money first". These policy orientations led to the vigorous development of the commercial tide, the rapid development of commerce and the rapid development of banking, which prompted the earliest paper money and banks in the world history to appear for the first time in the Song Dynasty. Banks can make loans and pay in different places. During the Northern Song Dynasty, a large number of mineral deposits such as gold, silver, copper, iron and coal were mined, and the earliest manufacturing plants and processing plants in the world history also appeared all over the country. Such as shipyards, firearms factories, paper mills, printing plants, weaving factories, official kilns and so on. Workers in this factory are paid on time. In the Southern Song Dynasty, there were seven or eight thousand craftsmen in the Military Equipment Institute. There are more than 1200 apprentices in the branch of the association. Jin Ling College has more than 400 weavers. In addition to public factories, some private factories have also appeared and flourished in large numbers. Due to the unprecedented economic prosperity, the number of coins minted in Song Dynasty was very large, such as 5.06 million coins minted in Song Shenzong. At the peak of the Tang Dynasty, Kaiyuan minted 320,000 coins.

Copper coins and iron coins were used together in the Song Dynasty, and some of them contained alloy components. Besides, there are some silver coins. The coins of the Song Dynasty were the highest and best coins in the ancient history of China in terms of variety, quantity and quality. The exquisite calligraphy engraved on the coins of the Song Dynasty was mostly written by famous artists and emperors, and the seals were covered with grass, ancient seals and thin gold seals. All kinds of exquisite coins make people fondle them, and the art of coins in Song Dynasty is the highest. At that time, Song Qian was the favorite and strongest currency of neighboring countries. Song's money became a treasure of the national treasury. Although there are imitations of Song coins in Liao countries, Jin countries and other countries, Song coins are the most widely circulated in Jin countries. Up to now, the most Song money has been unearthed. Today, it has been unearthed in many areas, as far away as Japan and as far west as Europe and Africa. It serves to show the prosperity and strength of the Song Dynasty. In order to avoid the trouble of carrying a lot of copper coins, the earliest paper money "Jiaozi" appeared in Sichuan around 998 AD (the first year of Xianping). This is the earliest paper money in China and the world. But this kind of paper money is only equivalent to a guaranteed token. There are several kinds of banknotes printed and issued by the Song government, such as Jiaozi, Yin Qian, Guanzi and Huizi. 1023 (the first year of Tiansheng), the Song government opened the first official institution in charge of issuing paper money-Yizhou Jiaozi Department, which was the earliest central people's bank in the world. Together with the issuance reserve, it has basically possessed the characteristics of modern standard currency. Its application is more and more extensive. The use of bills provides convenient conditions for commercial prosperity. During the Southern Song Dynasty, the Song government set up Huiji in Hangzhou to manage its printing. This is pure paper money issued by the government in the true sense. Paper money has gradually replaced copper coins as the main medium of exchange. The rapid development of commerce has played a driving role.

In Song Dynasty, the traditional practice of heavy punishment and light people was adjusted, and both justice and benefit were paid equal attention, and economic legislation was attached great importance. Laws and regulations cover all aspects of social and economic activities, and specially set up monopoly laws, such as salt law, wine law, tea law and so on. The Song Dynasty became the most active period of economic legislation in ancient China, with frequent legislative activities. The content of laws and regulations involved all aspects of social and economic activities, and the formulation and implementation of laws and regulations had unprecedented imagination. Song's economic laws and regulations pay attention to the distribution of interests between the state and economic activists, which accords with the law of commodity economy. The huge financial revenue in Song Dynasty was the result of the rapid development of national economy, the extremely prosperous industry and commerce and the improvement of productivity. Abundant social and financial resources enable the government to ensure government revenue without imposing excessive taxes on the people. This eased social contradictions and entered a virtuous circle of governing the country. In Song Dynasty, the economy, especially the secondary and tertiary industries developed greatly, and people's living standards reached an unprecedented height. In A.D. 1077, the total tax revenue of the Northern Song Dynasty was 70.7 million yuan, including 21620 thousand yuan for agriculture, accounting for 30%, and 491/0 million yuan for industry and commerce, accounting for 70%. It is no longer agriculture that constitutes the main body of national fiscal revenue, but industry and commerce. By the Song Dynasty, China's agricultural society was already moving towards the industrial and commercial society. There were also advertisements for copperplate printing in handicraft industry in Song Dynasty. It is more than 300 years earlier than the advertisements printed by western capitalism. Su Dongpo, a great scholar, once wrote an advertisement poem for an old woman who cooked oil rice, and her business increased greatly. Shen Kuo's theory of money circulation speed has reached the level of modern money theory. In addition, "tabloids" similar to modern newspapers appeared in the Song Dynasty. The earliest seeds of China capitalism in the world were born in the prosperous commercial tide of the Song Dynasty.

The Song Dynasty was the period when the citizen class in China was formally born. A large number of craftsmen, businessmen and small business owners formed the middle class in the Song Dynasty. They are rich in economy and have their own independent value pursuit. The rich and leisurely life, aesthetic taste and life taste of the citizens contributed to the high prosperity of the Song Dynasty culture, and opera, acrobatics, music, poetry and novels all prospered and developed in the Song Dynasty. Large-scale urbanization began in the Song Dynasty. For the first time, there appeared a big city in China, which was dominated by commerce rather than administration. The traffic development in Song Dynasty was the highest in the feudal history of mankind. In the Song Dynasty, there was a postal kiosk every ten miles and a post station every thirty miles. Official roads are scattered all over the country, extending in all directions. The Song government attached great importance to postal services and ensured their normal operation. "By the Baita Bridge, selling land classics, the pavilion is short and appropriate." Geodetic scriptures are maps, and the maps of the Song Dynasty are quite accurate. The four capitals in Song Dynasty were Kaifeng in Tokyo, Luoyang in Xijing, Daming in Beijing and Yingtianfu in Nanjing. The population of big cities in Song Dynasty was concentrated, and the capital city of Bianliang in Northern Song Dynasty and Lin 'an in Southern Song Dynasty were both big cities with a population of more than one million. In the Song Dynasty, there were six people with a population of more than 200,000, such as Quanzhou. The number of cities with more than 100,000 households in the Song Dynasty increased from a dozen in the Tang Dynasty to 46. At the end of the Southern Song Dynasty, Venice, the largest and most prosperous city in the west, gave birth to a new class of citizens with a population of only100000. The rich and comfortable life made the Song people have a strong sense of consumption, which greatly stimulated the prosperity and development of the tertiary industry such as teahouse, wine market and entertainment industry. Unlike the cities in the Tang Dynasty, the cities in the Song Dynasty were dark at night, and Song Cheng was a bright city in the dark. Because the Song Dynasty did not impose a curfew like the Tang Dynasty, the Song people had a nightlife. In the evening, the Song people lit lights in their rooms, homes and yard doors, so there were lights everywhere. People who walk at night carry all kinds of lanterns. So the whole city is flashing at night. At night, the whole city is brightly lit and sold until dawn. Hundreds of operas and performances were staged in fixed entertainment places such as "Wazi" and "Goulan", which were watched by the public. In the evening, the restaurant business is booming until the sun rises again and the streets are crowded with people. "Tourists are not just a few Song people such as royalty and dignitaries, but the general public and most Song people in the city. Song lived such a rich and happy life. In the Song Dynasty, there was no poverty of "frozen bones on the road" and "although the country is divided, mountains and rivers last forever, and the vegetation turns green in spring". Pessimism and despair. When will the West Lake Dance be optimistic and prosperous?

The development of the South in the Song Dynasty was actually a territory. In order to make southerners more like China people, they have made unparalleled contributions in previous dynasties. Although it was developed in ancient times, the south is still a wilderness compared with the north of the Central Plains. This development is not the development of war, but the infiltration and aggression of culture and economy. The prosperity of the Song Dynasty made Renye Fang a real China native. The ethnic minorities in the south gradually merged into the Chinese nation. After the Song Dynasty, there was no distinction between the north and the south in China. People from the Central Plains, the north and the south in China gradually kneaded into a whole in the prosperous Song Dynasty. Northern Song Zhenzong and Renzong broke the tradition that southerners don't work for each other. Linjiang Wang Yinruo and Suzhou Ding Wei served as prime ministers. In the ninth year of Kaibao, Yuelu Academy, the first of the four academies, was built in Changsha, Hunan, which was once the hometown of Sanmiao. Song Zhenzong personally inscribed the four characters "Yuelu Academy" on the front door of the book, which has been handed down to this day. Scholars in the Song Dynasty, such as Zhu and other literary thinkers, came here to give lectures and teach Confucian classics, build the country and enrich the people, and value the people over the monarch. 1autumn of 2024-1spring of 2028, Fan Zhongyan personally led more than 40,000 migrant workers to build and complete the seawall defense project in Taizhou 150. Since then, salt fields and farmland have been guaranteed, enabling thousands of families affected by disasters in previous years to return to their homes. To commemorate Fan Zhongyan's contribution, this seawall is called "Fan Gongdi". When Fan Zhongyan was demoted to Suzhou, together with the vast number of migrant workers, after more than a year of hard work, he completed the Suzhou water conservancy project. Suzhou, which is relatively barren, has become a big granary for drought and flood protection. Su Dongpo was demoted to Hangzhou on 1085. At that time, Hangzhou was still a relatively backward area. Su Dongpo drilled six wells to solve the city's water use. And comprehensively improve the West Lake, dig out a lot of silt at the bottom of the lake and use it to build a willow embankment connecting the north and the south. People commemorate Su Dongpo with "Su Causeway", and "Xiao Chun on Su Causeway" is still one of the scenic spots of the West Lake. Su Dongpo traveled all his life to Mizhou, Xuzhou, Huzhou, Hangzhou, Yingzhou, Yangzhou, Yingzhou, Huizhou and other places, and reached Hainan Island in the south. It can be said that along the way, he advised the people to plant crops, build water conservancy projects and solve problems for the people. Officials who made mistakes or were demoted because of political disharmony in the Song Dynasty were generally exiled to backward areas in the south. In this way, they will have the opportunity to serve the country, prove themselves and benefit the people there.

After the Song Dynasty passed through Hangzhou as its capital, a large number of people from the north and the Central Plains moved south. National elites gathered in Hangzhou. Make the south more prosperous. People who migrate are afraid that future generations will not know where their ancestors came from, and ancestral temple culture has developed. The population of Hangzhou was only 200,000 in 1 102, and reached1240,000 in 1274. Most of the population in Hangzhou is from outside. The development and management of the Song Dynasty in the south laid the foundation for the prosperity of the south. Since then, the South has been the most economically developed area in China.

Second, [Song's Science and Technology]

3 [Political Democracy in Song Dynasty]

Zhao Kuangyin is proud of the warlord regime and is well aware of its harm to the people of the whole country. Song Taizu's right to quench his thirst by drinking poison drew lessons from the warlord regime in the Tang Dynasty [in essence, the country was torn apart]. Strengthening centralization and promoting the reunification of the motherland is a far-sighted strategy. Song Taizu and Zhao Kuangyin not only did not kill meritorious ministers, but also stipulated by law that the emperor could not whip ministers in court in the future. Don't abuse your officials. The liegeman shall not kill anything except rebellion. Song Taizu handed down the "oath card" of "Don't kill the scholar-officials and the letter-writers" and "If the descendants swear this, the sky will fall". Emperors of all previous dynasties strictly carried out this ancestral training. Even Song Gaozong Zhao Gou, who killed Yue Fei because of the war, only killed him three times. This is extremely rare in other dynasties. The rulers of the Song Dynasty attached great importance to learning lessons from China's past history. Sima Guang compiled the famous History as a Mirror. Marked by the establishment of political participation, the Song Dynasty implemented the collective leadership system of Zaifu, which is a more rational symbol of centralized operation. To a certain extent, the emperor must also listen to the opinions of the Zaifu collective. It should be said that the supreme ruler cannot handle state affairs or decide the fate or even life and death of ministers by his own emotions. The "civilization" of state governance is the trend of historical development. The Song Dynasty founded the country with benevolence and righteousness, and the political situation was clear. In Song Dynasty, there was no local power, nor did eunuchs, queens and consorts monopolize the governance of the country. There was no literary inquisition in the Song Dynasty, and officials would not lose their heads, copy the whole family and wipe out the nine clans just because they said something wrong or wrote wrong words. The system of speaking officials was specially established in Song Dynasty. Song Renzong stepped up his remonstrance with Taiwan Province and argued with the court. Governing the country by culture is a symbol of China's transition from a barbaric society to a modern civilization. The liberal political atmosphere makes officials dare to attack state affairs and express their political opinions. As a result, a large number of officials in the history of China, such as Kou Zhun, Fan Zhongyan, Bao Zheng, Ouyang Xiu and Su Shi, emerged in the Song Dynasty. In the history of China, only in the Song Dynasty can there be a quarrel with Emperor Injong in the court like Bao Zheng, and Bao Zheng's saliva splashed on the face of Emperor Song Renzong. Even if Song Renzong was angry again, he didn't do anything to Bao Zheng. Bao Zheng still dares to speak and do, and he has been promoted. "Renzong's life is over, and the suspected prison is from the light." Song Renzong is very tolerant of difficult cases. It can be seen that the Emperor of Song Dynasty was enlightened and democratic. The whole society respects intellectuals, whose status is unprecedented. Throughout the Song Dynasty, talents were especially cherished and officials were given preferential treatment. Even if Lu Duoxun and Ding Wei tried to occupy the throne in the Song Dynasty, such a serious crime would only be banished. The so-called officialdom did not form in the Song Dynasty, and lower-level officials could sue higher-level officials. Even the prime minister of "one person below, ten thousand people above" is not immune. Among them, Bao Zheng impeached his immediate superior and several officials higher than him. Bao Zheng's character can only be produced in the enlightened Song Dynasty. In the Song Dynasty, it was common for people to sue officials. Anti-corruption regulations have been posted in front of government offices at all levels, and people can appeal and sue officials until they win the case.

Song Taizu recruited 300 people to Tianzhu to collect Buddhist scriptures and cultural relics. Song Taizong personally met with Brahmin monks and Muslims in ancient India. In the Song Dynasty, a large number of Christians, Jews and other Christians owned their own houses, churches and temples. Coupled with the prosperity of Confucianism and Taoism in the Song Dynasty. It can be seen that China in Song Dynasty was an open country with many religions. Only in the Song Dynasty did Christianity, Judaism and Islam compete with Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism. Long before Kyle Poirot arrived in China, a large number of European businessmen came to China to do business. Now in the west, it is found that as early as 127 1, an Italian businessman and scholar Jacob D 'Ancona arrived in Quanzhou, China, and wrote his biography. At that time, there were a large number of Venetians, Jews, Britons, Saracens, Franks, Ceylons, Indians, Little Javanese, Pisa people and some blacks living and doing business in Quanzhou, as well as people from Alexandria and Bruges. A large number of Europeans and Asians do business or settle in China. At that time, there were a large number of mixed-race children in Quanzhou. Among them, the Song Dynasty assimilated a large number of Jews. This is unprecedented in human history. It is only recorded that Kaifeng, the capital of the Song Dynasty, has a large Jewish family 17 households, who settled in China after accepting the chapter of "summer belongs to me, keeping ancestral customs and leaving the capital of the Song Dynasty". The assimilation of Jews showed the prosperity of the Song Dynasty in all aspects. It can be seen that the civilization and technology of China in Song Dynasty spread and influenced the West. People of all faiths lived in harmony in an enlightened, prosperous and powerful society in the Great Song Dynasty. Harmony without difference is the overall portrayal of the Song Dynasty.

The Song Dynasty became the second period of academic freedom in the history of China since the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. For the first time in the Song Dynasty, there were signs of the confluence of craftsman tradition and philosophical tradition. Four famous academies in Song Dynasty (Yuelu Academy, Bailudong Academy, Ehu Academy and Songyang Academy) became holy places for Confucian disciples to learn culture. "Daolin 300, Academy 1000". Song Renzong Zhao Zhen likes to study and worship Confucian classics. For the first time, Zhao Zhen put The Analects of Confucius and The Doctrine of the Mean in Mencius University together for students to learn. Four Books and Five Classics are compulsory courses for imperial academy. The highest military institution is called the martial arts school, which is equivalent to a military university. Song also has specialized science and technology schools, such as arithmetic and medicine. In addition, there were a large number of learning places in the Song Dynasty, such as home schools, libraries, bookstores and so on. "Every lane must have one or two. I often hear the sound of chanting. " When you are older than you, there are people who choose from the first supplementary middle school occasionally. "In the Southern Song Dynasty, there were 1700 students in the Imperial College, which used to be the official residence of Yue Fei. The Imperial College has dormitories and stadiums. College candidates come from all directions. The admission ratio is 3%-6%. Imperial academy implements the five-year three-shed system. Those who have just entered imperial academy are studying in the outer dormitory. One year later, those who passed the study entered the inner dormitory for two years. Those who pass the study will be promoted to the upper dormitory. Study in the upper house for two years, and those who pass the exam will graduate. The meals of college students are completely arranged by the government, and each student will spend about 3 thousand yuan a year. The Song government only gave the students of Taixue College food expenses, which cost more than 5 million yuan every year. Rejuvenating the country through science and education not only promotes the prosperity of science and technology, commerce, literature and art, but also promotes the pluralistic thinking of politics and the establishment of democratic and enlightened political revenge ideological factions.

The political stage of the Song Dynasty was not a backwater. There were democratic party struggles, reformists, conservatives, hawks, pacifists and so on in the Song Dynasty. Reformists and conservatives are not simply two factions. Not fixed. In A.D. 1042, Fan Zhongyan and Ouyang Xiu carried out the "Qingli New Deal". A.D. 1069 Wang Anshi's political reform. Sima Guang opposed the political reform, so did Ouyang Xiu and Su Shi. But there are different views on opposition and opposition. Su Shi opposed hasty reform when the reformists were in power, and abandoned all new laws when the conservatives were in power. Sima Guang and Wang Anshi respect each other, but they have different political views. Although the views and positions of the two factions are different, they are not for personal gain, but for national interests and people. Party struggle in Song Dynasty is a model of democratic politics.

Philosophically, the Song Dynasty broke through the dreary situation since the Five Dynasties. With the rise of the ideological trend of putting practical things into practice, emphasizing righteousness and reason, and doubting the ancient times, many schools of Neo-Confucianism, represented by Zhou Dunyi, Shao Yong, Zhang Zai, Cheng Yi, Cheng Hao, Zhu and Lu Jiuyuan, have emerged. As early as the pre-Qin period, Laozi and Yijing had already demonstrated the principle of unity of opposites, and Zhang Zai, Shen Kuo and others in the Song Dynasty made great contributions to dialectical logic. So that the Chinese nation has long had dialectical thinking and profound thoughts. When the Greeks and Indians carefully considered formal logic very early, China people made outstanding contributions to the development of dialectical logic. Confucianism in the Song Dynasty merged with other schools, aided Buddhism into Confucianism, and built a new Confucian system, which not only sublimated abstract speculation, but also promoted the scholars' strong moral rationality and moral integrity consciousness. Song people pushed China's system philosophy to an unprecedented height. Song studies went deep into the phenomenon world, explored the ontology and deep internal relations of the universe system, and integrated the genesis and horizontal structure of the universe. Yu Zhou's systematic thought and the thought of harmony between man and nature formed and evolved in Song Dynasty are the harmonious unity of social system and heaven and earth system.

Zhu pushed "reason" to the supreme position. Become a master of science. Neo-Confucianism developed from Zhu to a climax and weakened from him. There is no essential breakthrough for later thinkers. Zhu once said: "mortals must take sages as their responsibility." This is the central idea of Neo-Confucianism in Song Dynasty. Zhu believes that there is no difference between the temperament of ordinary people and sages, and teaches people to work hard on moral sentiments and knowledge. Ordinary people can become sages as long as they set their ambitions, be strict with themselves and keep learning. "Cultivate one's morality, keep one's family in order, govern the country and level the world" is a religious thought to persuade people to actively join the WTO and realize their own life value. Tell people that the real world is the whole struggle environment of life. This idea requires teaching people to be close to heaven in thought, spirit and experience. Therefore, Confucianism in the Song Dynasty was the religion of intellectuals.

Five [Military Martial Arts in Song Dynasty]

In the era of cold weapons, the more brutal, the stronger, the more backward and the more ferocious. If you are backward and poor, you have the motivation to plunder people who are richer than you. Liao was more savage than Song, so Song gave Liao money and silk. Jin is more savage than Liao, so Jin destroyed Liao. Mongols are more savage than Jin people, so Mongolia destroyed Jin. Mongols are much more savage than Song people, and Song certainly can't beat Mongolia. Throughout the history of the world, all ancient civilizations in history were wiped out by backward and barbaric nations. Qi was destroyed by Qin, not because it was not as rich as Qin, but because it was not as savage as Qin. Chu was destroyed by Qin, not because Qin had no culture, but because Qin had no force.

The richer a person is, the more he fears death, the happier he is and the more he loves life. The poorer a person is, the less afraid he is of death. A hungry man will be more cruel than a full man. A person who worries about food and clothing will be braver than a carefree person. A robber will be better than a scholar. Song people are too civilized and used to a comfortable and rich life. Song Bing is very weak. There is a song that says: "When my parents gave birth to me, they taught me to plow mulberry;" If you don't know how strict the government is, you can do things with peace of mind! Holding a gun can't solve the thorn, and holding a bow can't shoot; What's the point of uniting with me? It's no use. "Song was born for production, for creation and for peace. Mongols are born to ride horses, plunder and fight. The human nature of Song people is mostly good, while that of Mongols is mostly evil. How is it possible to fight against the primitive and fierce Mongolian iron hoof that ran out on the spot with blood spatter?

The terrible thing about Mongols is that they not only have the savage fighting power of primitive nomadic people, but also have the advanced and superb technology of civilized people. When the Mongols captured a city, the people left behind were not young and beautiful women, nor naive children, nor elderly people, but craftsmen and artists in the city. Like modern times, the ancient Mongols not only possessed the spirit that the Taliban in Afghanistan were not afraid of death, but also possessed high-tech armed technologies such as American atomic bombs.

The Battle of Song and Yuan Dynasties was the biggest national war in the history of China. Because one is the feudal peak civilization that is developing towards capitalism, and the other is the civilization in which the newly formed nation is in the primitive period.

The demise of a country and dynasty is not necessarily due to its own decay and internal chaos, the fatuity of the monarch and the poverty of the people. A prosperous country may be caused by a strategic decision-making mistake or a war failure in the face of external barbaric forces. The emperors of the Song Dynasty and their rulers were more enlightened and successful than the rulers of other dynasties. The demise of the Song Dynasty was not inevitable, but accidental. There are many reasons for the demise of the Song Dynasty. The Song Dynasty was not defeated by one nation or one dynasty at a time, but by many nationalities and dynasties. Mongolia attacked the most prosperous and powerful Song State in the world only after it wiped out Western Liao, Western Xia, Huaci Mozi and other countries, wiped out the Middle East, conquered more than half of Europe, ruled more than half of the world and conquered all the neighboring countries of the Song Dynasty. Song people were too civilized, but they used advanced technology, gunpowder and warships to muzzle the powerful Mongolian Coalition forces for decades. Song dynasty was the country that persisted for the longest time under the brutal iron hoof of Mongolia. Song is the creator of civilization, while Mongolia is the plunderer of civilization. The failure of the Song people was because they were too civilized, and the demise of the Song Dynasty was due to the rapid development of the Song Dynasty, which was incompatible with the barbaric world at that time. ......

There is nothing to be ashamed of when a civilization is destroyed. Although Greece and Rome were brutally destroyed, their civilization is still the pride of westerners! People all over the world still admire the high civilization they have created. In the west, no one will denigrate Greece and Rome, and no one will worship Turks and Turks. No country or nation will admire an uneducated and impolite robber. But now some people in China are a little strange. We vilify and attack the dynasty representing the peak of Chinese civilization, praise and beautify the barbarians who slaughtered our ancestors who created excellent, advanced and superb civilization in human history. We don't seem to know who our ancestors were. It is hard to imagine that Jews today will worship Hitler and insult and belittle the Jewish ancestors slaughtered by Hitler. In China, this is the case ... We are used to beautifying the butchers who slaughtered our ancestors by cold-blooded robbers into heroes! We are used to slandering and cursing the Great Song Dynasty, which brought too much honor and pride to China in the world. In this world, only China people are keen on abusing their ancestors. In the west, it is hard to see westerners cursing Aristotle. In China, we not only scold Zhu, but also Confucius, who has been regarded as a saint by our ancestors and a great thinker all over the world for thousands of years. As a China person, if even Confucius and Zhu can curse, what else can he not do? Is he still from China? The ancient Greek Olympic civilization continues to flourish in the world and China! However, Neo-Confucianism, which represents the essence of China's traditional cultural thought, has been criticized by China people themselves. Most people in China today don't know the kindness, superiority and rarity of their ancestors. We were brutally slaughtered and cut off the inheritance and continuation of Chinese civilization. Do we deserve to be called descendants of Song people?

Here, we only talk about the goodness of Song, not the badness of Song. Because the badness of Song is well known, it has been exaggerated by education and publicity. The goodness of the Song Dynasty was ignored or regarded as bad. Song was destroyed, and the goodness of Song was also regarded as bad, which was the reason for its demise. Our present people are unfair to the Song Dynasty, we are unfair to the Song people, and we are unfair to our ancestors. Even westerners who despise the arrogance of oriental civilization cannot but admire the height of civilization created by the Song Dynasty. Why do we despise the highest civilization of our ancient society? However, westerners who can contact and study the civilization of the Song Dynasty are only a few people after all. Do we have to rely on others to discover our civilization? If we don't speak for our ancestors, do we have to rely on a few western experts and scholars who study the history of China to be fair? We should be proud of the contribution of the Song Dynasty to world civilization. We should be proud that we are descendants of the Song people.