Confucius' teaching goal is hierarchical, and the goal he pursues is "to be an official with excellent learning", that is, to cultivate a generalist with both ability and political integrity, wisdom and courage, self-respect for the people, self-love and self-respect. Of course, this is the highest educational goal of Confucius, and the lowest goal of Confucius is to train this person into a high-quality taxi. These scholars should be able to "keep what they say". This educational thought of Confucius was later summarized into eight items in the book "University" written by his disciple Zeng Shen, namely, "discipline, knowledge, honesty, honesty, self-cultivation, keeping the family in order, governing the country and leveling the world", and these eight goals later became the goals pursued by students all their lives.
In the process of teaching, Confucius pursues "teaching without distinction". Regardless of this person's status, status and wealth, Confucius is willing to teach as long as he is willing to learn. Adhering to this idea, Confucius pushed the education that originally belonged to the nobility to the civilian class, and the poor also had the right to education from then on. "I have never been disobedient" (The Analects of Confucius), that is to say, no matter what people, regardless of class, country, age, wealth, rank, stupidity, arrogance, height, ugliness, health and disability, Confucius can accept them as disciples and let them receive education as long as he accepts them humbly. It can be said that Confucius' thought of "teaching without class" has epoch-making significance in the history of educational development. Its appearance enabled Confucius to set up private schools, created the atmosphere of private lectures, and broke the limitation of monopoly education by the nobles in ancient China.
Of course, in the process of enrollment, although Confucius doesn't care about identity, there are always differences between students, and they will also compare with each other. In this way, students with low status will inevitably feel inferior, and Confucius also realized the existence of this problem, so every time Confucius lectures, he will preach. "I am a little stingy, so I can do a lot of things." (The Analects of Confucius Zi Han) That is, Confucius told his humble disciple that he was born in a humble family, so he didn't have to care about his identity. As long as he is optimistic and diligent, he will surely throw himself to the ground. At the same time, Confucius also said that "in a threesome, there must be a teacher: choose the good one and follow it, and change the bad one" (The Analects of Confucius), that is, no matter how many people walk together, there will always be someone who can be my teacher. We should choose their advantages to study and pay attention to correcting their shortcomings.
It can be said that in the process of teaching students, Confucius always shows his disciples the process of learning, practicing and cultivating self-cultivation through his rich life experience, positive attitude towards life, good moral cultivation and frank speech acts. So he is both a teacher and a teacher, and has achieved a convincing and touching educational effect, which is enough for our teachers to learn.
Confucius started a private school, mainly teaching six arts and five classics. The six arts are ritual (ritual), music (music and dance), shooting (shooting), royal (driving), calligraphy (calligraphy) and number (calculation) (Li Zhou Bao Shi). It is said: "To educate the country by Tao is to teach the six arts: one is five rites, the other is six music, the third is five shots, and the fourth is five controls. )。 The Five Classics are The Book of Songs, Shangshu, Book of Rites, Zhouyi and Chunqiu. It can be said that from the content of Professor Confucius, the ultimate goal of Confucius is not only to impart systematic knowledge, but also to cultivate all-round ability, so as to achieve the educational goal of having both ability and political integrity and all-round development.
Of course, Confucius' educational thought has the deepest influence on today, not the teaching goal, nor "teaching without distinction", nor the teaching content, but the teaching method. Confucius' teaching methods are mainly divided into four categories: combination of learning and thinking, combination of knowing and doing, inspiration and guidance, and teaching students in accordance with their aptitude.
First, the combination of learning and thinking.
"Learning without thinking is useless, thinking without learning is dangerous" (The Analects of Confucius. Politics), Confucius believes that only by combining learning with thinking can we learn practical and useful knowledge. On this issue, Confucius is very firm. He believes that learning must be "combined with learning and thinking". "I tried to stop eating and think all night. It's useless, it's better to learn. " (The Analects of Confucius Wei Linggong), that is, Confucius warned his disciples to learn not only through daydreaming, but also through meditation. Learning must be combined with thinking to get the fastest effect. Even in the face of his favorite study in Yan Hui, he thinks so. "I don't expect anyone to help me in return, so I say anything." (The Analects of Confucius), that is, Confucius thought that Yan Hui only listened attentively, learned without violating, and did not take the initiative to think. This kind of learning statement is wrong, which is not conducive to learning.
Second, the combination of knowledge and action.
The idea of "learning to be excellent is to be an official" is the essence of Confucianism, and "applying what you have learned" is the educational concept that Confucius has always pursued, that is, combining theoretical knowledge with practical application to achieve the practical purpose of going from shallow to deep, constantly pondering what you have learned, truly understanding its meaning (including usage methods and precautions), and then applying it to real life according to theoretical requirements. He has been educating his disciples to study hard, actively use the world, cultivate self-cultivation and rule the country. Anyway, he doesn't have to use it or hide it. "I am a melon also zai? How to tie it without eating? " (The Analects of Confucius. Yang Huo), when Confucius taught Lutz, he made it clear that he wanted to be an official. Another example is The Analects of Confucius. Zi Han: "It sells well! Sell it! The sentence "I treat Jia Ye" also urgently shows Confucius' urgent desire to learn something and become an official.
Third, inspiration and induction.
"No anger, no anger, no anger. If you don't take three corners, it will no longer be "(The Analects of Confucius). Zhu commented here that "angry people can't get through their hearts;" Those who are anxious have nothing to say. Enlightenment is to open its meaning; Send a statement. " It means teaching students not to enlighten them until they are thinking hard and not to inspire them until they can't say what they want to say. Point out one aspect to him, and if he can't infer the other three aspects from it, he won't be taught any more. In the process of teaching, Confucius advocated that students should have the desire to learn and think, and only they have the desire to learn. At this time, we will inspire him, thus stimulating students' desire to explore and their interest in learning. Only when students are willing to learn and can learn happily in the process of learning can teachers "open their hearts and act on their words" and get twice the result with half the effort.
Fourth, teach students in accordance with their aptitude
Confucius adheres to the principle of "teaching without distinction", but in specific teaching, different educational concepts and methods will be implemented according to students' different ages, experiences, personalities, interests and natural endowments. This is Confucius' concept of "teaching students in accordance with their aptitude". The premise of "teaching students in accordance with their aptitude" is to fully understand their own students, which Confucius did very well, such as "from fruit, from courtesy to success, from artistic pursuit" (The Analects of Confucius Yong Ye), "from firewood, from Lu Shen, from teacher to teacher" (The Analects of Confucius Advanced) and "all kinds of food"
In fact, there is such a blind spot in current education, that is, it is wrong to think that all-round development of students means the average development of every student and every aspect according to the same norm, but this is not the case. Students are also real people. Because everyone has his own unique inner world, spiritual world and inner feelings, the way of observing, thinking and solving problems is different from others. Therefore, since students have unique personalities and ideas, teachers should naturally "teach students in accordance with their aptitude" and implement different educational concepts and methods according to their different ages, experiences, personalities, interests and talents. Only in this way can students get their all-round development and become talents.