Thorndike founded the discipline of educational psychology, separated it from pedagogy and child psychology, and became an independent discipline. Therefore, Thorndike is called the founder of educational psychology. Thorndike put forward three learning laws: the law of preparation, the law of practice and the law of effect. He also put forward the "common element theory" of learning transfer. He also put forward the connectionist learning theory, which holds that learning is to form the connection between situation and reaction. The process of learning is blind, gradual and trial and error. Thorndike is the first psychologist in the west who is engaged in experimental research on animal learning. Based on experimental research, his learning theory systematically expounded the learning process and put forward a series of learning rules, which became the earliest and most systematic learning theory in the west. This has a great influence on the further development of learning connection theory.
Why is the birth of educational psychology marked by the birth of educational psychology in Thorndike?
Educational psychology has been born less than one hundred years, and it has become a psychology with rich content and its own unique research field.
The independence of educational psychology is marked by the publication of Thorndike1913-1914. The thoughts of educational psychology can be traced back to ancient Greece and Rome, and Plato and Aristotle have rich thoughts of educational psychology.
Modern rationalism and empiricism also put forward their own opinions on some basic problems of educational psychology. The birth of educational psychology was directly influenced by Darwin's theory of evolution, Gao Erdun's research on individual differences, Feng Te's psychological experiment and Ebbinghaus's memory research in the period of psychological independence.
James, the father of American psychology, once put forward the idea of applying psychology to educational research, and published a book "Talking about Psychology with Teachers". Dewey put forward his own view of democratic education.
Thorndike is an epoch-making figure in the field of educational psychology. It was he who established the theoretical paradigm of S-R(* * *- reaction) educational psychology.
Many theoretical viewpoints are still widely quoted by people today. After Thorndike, the research of educational psychology was basically dominated by behaviorists.
Watson, an early behaviorist, made a series of objective studies on learning in educational psychology. Skinner, an operational behaviorist, made a systematic, comprehensive and objective study on this, and his learning theory left a deep impression on people.
Before 1950s, the study of behaviorism learning theory was dominant in educational psychology. But none of them went beyond the S-R paradigm.
Their educational psychology theory mainly focuses on the study of learning problems and belongs to the S-R paradigm proposed by Thorndike. Gestalt psychology.
Gestalt psychology, represented by wertheimer, Kaufka and Kohler, put forward the theory of epiphany learning, which is in sharp contrast with behaviorism S-R paradigm and trial-and-error learning. Tolman is a controversial figure in educational psychology.
Whether it is behaviorism theory or gestalt view, he adopts "takenism" for my use. This makes his theory not only have the characteristics of behaviorism, but also have the holistic view of gestalt psychology, and finally become the originator of cognitive view in educational psychology.
Tolman is famous for his cognitive learning experiments, which include symbol learning experiment, expected return experiment, location learning theory, cognitive map, intermediary variables, potential learning and other important concepts. Tolman's cognitive view holds. Piaget put forward the famous epistemology, cognitive development theory and activity teaching mode, and was praised as the founder of genetic epistemology.
The mainstream cognitive theory of modern educational psychology is deeply influenced by Piaget. In 1960s and 1970s, the research of educational psychology took a major turning point, which was mainly manifested in the transformation from S-R paradigm to cognitive paradigm.
Gagne made an in-depth study of learning level, learning results, learning conditions and learning process, and put forward his own teaching concept and teaching design principles on this basis. Bruner put forward his important concept of discovery learning.
Ausubel put forward the famous viewpoint of meaningful acceptance learning, and made a deep discussion on meaningful learning. Bandura's observational learning theory.
Rogers' humanistic learning theory. Weiner's motivation attribution theory (Weiner divides the reasons for success and failure into three dimensions from the perspective of cognitive psychology, and also divides the reasons for success and failure of activities (behavioral responsibility) into four factors, and combines them to form a "three-dimensional model".
He believes that three dimensions are internal and external attribution, stable and unstable attribution, controllable attribution and uncontrollable attribution, and four factors are effort, ability, luck and task difficulty. )。
Why is the father of educational psychology not Kapterev, but Thorndike?
Thorndike founded the discipline of educational psychology, which separated educational psychology from pedagogy and children's psychology and became an independent discipline. Therefore, Thorndike is called the founder of educational psychology.
Kapterev's book Educational Psychology was published in 1877. Although it is the earliest educational psychology book officially named as "Educational Psychology" so far, its actual content is not much different from that of general psychology. It defines the research object of educational psychology as the application of the basic principles of general psychology in the field of education. However, because it does not provide an independent subject content system, it does not mean that educational psychology is established as an independent subject.
What contribution did Thorndike make to educational psychology? At least 4 o'clock
Thorndike founded the discipline of educational psychology, which separated educational psychology from pedagogy and children's psychology and became an independent discipline. Therefore, Thorndike is called the founder of educational psychology.
Thorndike put forward three learning laws: preparation law, practice law and effect law.
He also put forward the "common element theory" of learning transfer.
He also put forward the connectionist learning theory, which holds that learning is to form the connection between situation and reaction, and the learning process is blind, gradual and trial and error.
Thorndike is the first psychologist in the west who is engaged in experimental research on animal learning. Based on experimental research, his learning theory systematically expounded the learning process and put forward a series of learning rules, which became the earliest and most systematic learning theory in the west. This has a great influence on the further development of learning connection theory.
Educational Psychology: What are the similarities and differences between Thorndike's connectionist learning theory and Gestalt learning theory?
similar
First, they all do learning experiments with animals; They all obliterate the essential difference between human and animal learning, and tend to be institutionalized;
Secondly, the learning theory was put forward earlier (1898 and 19 13), which simply revealed the essence and process of learning.
The differences between Thorndike's learning theory and Gestalt's learning theory are as follows: first, the experimental basis proposed by the theory is different: Thorndike experimented with lower animals such as chickens, fish, cats and dogs; Gestalt school is an experiment with higher animal chimpanzees;
Second, the viewpoint of learning theory is different: Thorndike thinks that learning is the connection of situation and reaction, and the learning process is blind, gradual and trial and error, and puts forward the law of learning, which is a relatively complete learning theory. Gestalt school thinks that learning is a gestalt of organization, and the process of learning is realized through epiphany, but it does not further put forward the law of learning and the theory is not complete enough.
Third, the theoretical background is different: Thorndike's learning theory was put forward in the United States and influenced by American functions.
The influence of Marxist psychological thought; Gestalt school's learning theory was put forward in Germany and influenced by German Gestalt school's psychological thought. Fourthly, it has a different position in the history of psychology: Thorndike's study and communication is his own development, and the development of educational psychology plays an important role; Gestalt learning theory emphasizes the role of cognitive factors in learning and makes up for the defects of Thorndike's learning theory, but its position in the history of psychology is not as good as that of Thorndike.