Winfield is an American art educator, and his masterpiece Creation and Psychological Group was published in 1962. He believes that the development of children's art has gone through the following stages.
1. Graffiti period (2-4 years old) is the earliest picture based on muscle movement, and later becomes the symbol of psychological activity; At this stage, children's painting will go through a process from scribbling, controlled graffiti to named graffiti. Graffiti is an uncontrolled graffiti, including graffiti, vertical graffiti and circle graffiti; Children get kinesthetic experience in the process of daubing; Controlled graffiti is characterized by repeated drawing lines or smearing; Naming graffiti is to associate the graphics obtained by graffiti with something and name your graffiti with the name of this thing.
2. Pre-schema period (4-7 years old). At this stage, children show a strong self-centered tendency when observing things, and begin to depict things symbolically, such as using circles to represent people's heads. The graphics drawn by children do not show a sense of distance and three-dimensionality, and they also draw things that they can't see but know.
3. Schema period (7-9 years old). At this stage, children's paintings express visual objects in the form of geometric lines, and the content of paintings is influenced by personal experience and interest. Children's paintings have the following characteristics: highlighting what they think is important; The use of symbols and diagrams often changes; Show a sense of space.
4. The embryonic stage of realism (9- 1 1 year). At this stage, children's painting began to break away from schema and turn to realism. The picture has a certain sense of space, showing a certain perspective relationship, overlapping forms, and began to be expressed in colors.
5. Realistic stage (1 1, 12- 14, 15 years old). At this stage, children's painting has changed from spontaneous activity to rational activity. When children draw, they try to show things realistically, but they are not very realistic and complete. There is a perspective of light and shade in the picture, and colors can be used according to distance and mood. At this stage, children begin to examine the artistic works of adults or artists and copy some artistic crystals. The evaluation of works of art already includes the feeling of artistic style.
6. Youth art stage (15— 17 years old). At this stage, children's sensitivity and criticism of artistic aesthetics have increased, most students have lost interest in art, and a few people can get rid of this dilemma and develop into artistic painting.
At every stage of creation, children will spontaneously show the characteristics of growth and development in emotion, intelligence, body movements, perception, sociality, aesthetics and creativity. Art education should provide opportunities for children to express themselves according to their development stages and age characteristics, stimulate and maintain children's creative motivation, and let them express themselves freely. In the evaluation of children's art, Roanfield takes the development of children's emotion, intelligence, body movements, perception, sociality, aesthetics and creativity as the subjective evaluation criteria; The development stage, skills and organization of the work are taken as objective evaluation criteria.