There have always been different views on the origin of imprisonment education; Some people explain the origin of education from the viewpoint of vulgar evolution, such as Little and Spencer. They think there is education in the animal kingdom. British educator Percy Neng believes that education is "an inevitable behavior rooted in instinct". "From its origin, education is a biological process. Not only all human societies-no matter how primitive-have education, but even among higher animals, there are low-level forms of education. " They regard education as a biological phenomenon, which inevitably confuses animal instinct with the education of human social phenomena; Some people also explain the origin of education from the perspective of psychology, such as Meng Lu, who regards children's unconscious imitation of adults as the origin of education. Education does have imitation factors, but it does not constitute the origin of education. Education can only come from the needs of human activities. China's accepted view is that education originated from labor. It is affirmed that education is a unique activity of human beings, and it is believed that the fundamental reason for the transformation from apes to humans is labor, which creates people, so labor must be the original source of education, and education originated from labor. Since the theory that education originated from labor is directly introduced and deduced from labor creators, we must first understand "how labor creates people". This proposition.

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The proposition that "labor creates man himself" was put forward by Engels in the article "The Role of Labor in the Transformation from Ape to Man". Engels wrote the words "so we have to say in a sense" before "labor creates man himself" (Selected Works of Marx and Engels, Volume 3, page 508). But many people often don't have a strict understanding, just simplify it; One-sided explanation; So there is logical confusion: how is man created by labor? Are animals engaged in labor or not? Did apes create humans because they worked before humans appeared?

Some people explain that Australopithecus can engage in labor from the beginning of upright walking and hand-foot differentiation. Others believe that apes are engaged in embryonic labor, and so on.

Engels' The Role of Labor in the Transformation from Ape to Man was written in 1876 and published in 1896. 1In the 1970s, Darwin's theory of biological evolution was established, and the comparative study between humans and apes increased. Darwin proposed in the book "The Origin and Sexual Selection of Human Beings" (187 1) that human beings originated from apes at the end of the third century. Many viewpoints of Darwin's theory were accepted by Engels.

Darwin made outstanding contributions. He systematically demonstrated the theory of biological evolution and speculated that human beings were developed from some kind of ancient apes, thus liberating people from the rule of God in a scientific sense. However, from the perspective of modern science, Darwin's theory is not completely scientific in some aspects. Darwinian theory holds that no two creatures are exactly the same. There are always differences and differences between different individuals of the same thing, some of which are small and some are remarkable. This difference or distinction is variation. One of the reasons for biological variation is the heredity of biology, that is, the nature of biology, and the other is the influence of life. Changes in living conditions have caused changes in biological habits, making some organs often used and some organs rarely used or not used. What is often used will develop, and what is not used will degenerate. This is the day after tomorrow. Darwin believed that possessiveness can be inherited, including morphological structure, physiological process, instinctive habit and psychological function. Darwin explained that possessiveness can be inherited, because all parts and even all cells of an organism will produce "ubiquitin" particles representing their own characteristics. These particles will divide themselves to form germ cells. Possession under the influence of the environment also affects ubiquitin granules, and the development of offspring individuals is controlled by these granules, and possessiveness makes them inherit. According to Darwin's theory, segars described the transformation process from apes to humans. "These apes, probably due to the influence of lifestyle, made their hands engage in activities different from their feet when climbing, so they began to get rid of the habit of holding hands when walking on the flat ground and gradually walked upright, completing a decisive step from apes to people." Hands become free, new skills can be acquired continuously, and the greater flexibility gained from this can be inherited and improved from generation to generation (Selected Works of Marx and Engels, Volume 3, pages 508 and 509). Here, Darwin's views on utilization, abandonment and retreat, and acquired inheritance have obvious influences on Engels. Modern biology, especially cytogenetics, has affirmed that Darwin's views on utilization, abandonment and acquired inheritance are lack of scientific basis. So far, there is no evidence of direct inheritance of multicellular organisms. The material particles that Darwin said-the Pantheon-can't be found in organisms. Modern science proves that heredity depends on genetic material, that is, genes. Genetic genes mainly exist in chromosomes of the nucleus. The formation of all traits mainly depends on genetic material or genetic basis, and also needs certain environment and conditions. The so-called acquisition is a kind of adaptive variation caused by certain environmental conditions, which is a product of individual development, but the genetic material or genetic basis has not changed in general. So possessiveness can't be inherited. Biological evolution is not due to acquired inheritance, but to the mutation and recombination of genetic material, which leads to the change of genetic information. It is called mutation because its appearance is accidental, can't be controlled in advance, generally rarely happens, and the direction of occurrence is uncertain. Genetic material will be passed down from generation to generation due to mutation and recombination. For example, humans and chimpanzees have a common ancestor, but there are 23 pairs of human chromosomes and 24 pairs of chimpanzee chromosomes. Not only the number and structure of chromosomes are different, but also the genetic basis in cytoplasm has changed, which leads to the differences of various characters between humans and chimpanzees. Biological evolution is not only due to the change of genetic basis, but also due to the guidance of environment. Darwin called natural selection to preserve beneficial variation and eliminate harmful variation in the process of adapting to the environment.

Darwin's theory of natural selection is basically correct. Natural selection is just a metaphor, which does not mean that there is really a natural force making conscious choices. That is to say, organisms often mutate infinitely, and the natural environment and living conditions maintain the variation that is conducive to survival, while the variation that is not conducive to survival is gradually eliminated, leading to the formation of new species through differences in traits. Of course, this is an extremely slow and long process. From the perspective of modern genetics, the transformation from apes to humans can be roughly explained as follows: the genetic basis of apes has changed for various reasons, so their personalities are also different. For example, some apes may have a higher degree of hand-foot differentiation and a larger brain capacity, while others are very poor. When environmental conditions change (such as cold weather, sparse forests, etc.). ), the former is more adaptable, so it can be preserved and developed; The latter can't adapt, or move to other places, or tend to be extinct. In this way, after a long period of time, people will differentiate from apes and form new species. From ape to man, there must be a development process from ape to ape and then to man. The hand has also gone through a process from the ape hand can use tools to the hand can make tools. At first, unprocessed stones, sticks and bones were used as natural tools. Later, we consciously (vaguely) chose suitable tools from natural objects. Then, in accidental activities, they bumped into each other and made simple tools. By the stage of Homo erectus in Beijing culture, many kinds of stone tools have been made, and different methods have been used for stones with different textures. Human beings have developed from accidentally manufacturing tools to frequently manufacturing tools, and even rely on tools for productive labor, which has become the main means of survival.

Modern biology has revised Darwin's theory, has it affected the scientific nature of Engels' conclusion that labor is the essential feature that distinguishes man from animals? Does not affect. Engels' following assertion is proved to be correct by anthropology and archaeology: "No ape hand has ever made even the most clumsy stone knife"; "Labor begins with making tools", "Animals only use external nature and change nature by their own existence; However, human beings let nature serve their own purposes and dominate nature through their own changes. This is the last essential difference between human beings and other animals, and it is labor that causes this difference "(Selected Works of Marx and Engels, Volume 3, pages 509, 565, 438+03, 565, 438+07). Darwin also realized that there are many significant differences between humans and animals, but he didn't understand the role of labor in human development. He didn't know that the role of human consciousness is essentially different from the psychological activities of animals. Engels emphasized more correctly than Darwin that labor "is the first basic condition of the whole human life, and it has reached such a level that we have to say that labor creates man himself in a sense" (Selected Works of Marx and Engels, Volume 3, page 508). Therefore, the proposition that "labor creates man himself" is correct only in the sense that labor is the first basic condition of the whole human life.

Affirming that labor is the essential feature that distinguishes people from animals, and that labor is the first basic condition of the whole human life, can it be directly deduced that labor is the source of education? If education does not come from labor, then what does education come from?