2. In adult bones, organic matter accounts for about 1/3, and inorganic matter accounts for about 2/3, so the bones are both hard and elastic; In children's bones, if the organic matter is greater than 1/3, this kind of bones have high elasticity and low hardness; If there are more than 2/3 inorganic substances in the bones of the elderly, the bones are hard and easy to fracture.
3. When the nerve is excited, the skeletal muscle contracts, pulling the bones around the joints, thus generating body movement. Exercise is formed with bones as lever, joints as fulcrum and skeletal muscle contraction as power. Skeletal muscle should be coordinated and controlled by the nervous system. The energy required for exercise comes from the oxidative decomposition of organic matter in muscle cells.
4. Animal behavior is regulated by nervous system and hormones and controlled by genetic material, which is gradually formed in the long evolution process.
5. Learning refers to the process that animals make adaptive changes to their own behaviors with the help of individual life experiences and experiences. Learning can make animals respond to environmental changes that are conducive to survival.
6. According to the function of animal behavior, it can be divided into feeding behavior, territorial behavior, defensive behavior, aggressive behavior, reproductive behavior, rhythmic behavior and social behavior.
7. The experimental method is based on observation.
8. Animals are consumers in the biosphere and promote the material circulation in the biosphere.
9. The food chain is formed by the nutritional relationship between predation and prey among various organisms.
10, the interdependence and mutual restriction between organisms make the number of various biological populations tend to be balanced, which is conducive to the coordinated development of organisms.
1 1, the impact of animals on the environment: dependence → adaptation → influence → change. Animals can promote the reproduction and distribution of plants.
12. The extinction of biological species in the biosphere is a long natural process. In-situ conservation is the most effective measure to protect animal diversity.
13. All lower organisms with tiny individuals and simple structures are collectively called microorganisms. The main activity place of microorganisms is soil. Saprophytic microorganisms are decomposers of ecosystems; Parasitic microorganisms are consumers of ecosystems; Autotrophic microorganisms are producers of ecosystems. Yeast is used to ferment steamed bread, lactic acid bacteria is used to ferment kimchi and acetic acid bacteria is used to ferment vinegar. Antibiotics are produced by certain fungi and actinomycetes. The characteristics of microbial metabolism (heterotrophic and autotrophic) and extremely fast reproduction make it an important part of the biosphere, and the decomposition of saprophytic microorganisms is irreplaceable by other organisms.
14. Reproduction refers to the process that organisms produce offspring and reproduce races, which is a common life phenomenon in the biological world. Changes in the volume and weight of organisms are growth. The change of an organism's structure from simple to complex, and the change of its function from imperfect to perfect is development.
15, human reproductive system:
Male reproductive system female reproductive system
Structural function
Testicles secrete male hormones to produce sperm, while ovaries secrete female hormones to produce eggs.
The vas deferens transport sperm to the penis fallopian tube and eggs to the uterus where they are fertilized.
The penis excretes semen and urine, and vaginal sperm enters the passage where the baby is born.
Epididymis promotes sperm maturation and temporarily stores the development of uterine embryos.
16. The development time of the embryo in the uterus is about 280d, which is called pregnancy. The fetus obtains various nutrients and oxygen from the mother through the placenta.
17, a series of remarkable changes in morphology, physiology and habits from larvae to adults are called metamorphosis. The process of metamorphosis has gone through three stages: fertilized egg, nymph and adult, which is called incomplete metamorphosis (cricket, damselfly, dragonfly, etc. If you go through the developmental period of fertilized eggs, larvae, pupae and adults, it is called complete metamorphosis (bees, ants, butterflies, etc. ).
18, amphibians: larvae live in water, breathe through gills, adult amphibians breathe through lungs. Abnormal development.
19, there is no abnormal development in the development of birds, and there are early chicks and late chicks. It is the blastoderm that develops into a chicken in a bird's egg.
20. Embryo is the larva of a new generation of plants. Without the combination of bisexual germ cells, the reproductive mode of directly producing new individuals from the mother is called asexual reproduction. Advantages of asexual reproduction: large number of offspring, fast reproduction speed, and stable maintenance of maternal genetic traits.
2 1. Green flowering plants can use their vegetative organs to reproduce new individuals, which is called vegetative propagation. (grafting, cutting, layering, etc. )
22. When grafting, the cambium of rootstock and scion should be as close as possible, which is the premise of plant survival.
23. Principle of tissue culture technology: Every living cell in a plant has the potential to form a complete plant again under appropriate in vitro conditions.
24. Other types of asexual reproduction: fission reproduction (most unicellular organisms), budding reproduction (Hydra, yeast), spore reproduction (Rhizopus, Penicillium, Aspergillus, etc.). ).
History: 1. The fundamental reason why Britain launched the Opium War was to open the China market, promote industrial products and plunder cheap industrial raw materials. The direct reason for smuggling opium to China is to reverse the trade deficit.
2. 1839, Lin zexu was sent to Guangzhou by Daoguang Emperor to ban smoking, conduct unannounced visits and secret investigations, arrest cigarette dealers and collect opium. In June, opium was destroyed in Humentan, which was a great victory of China people's anti-smoking struggle and showed the strong will of the Chinese nation against foreign aggression. Lin Zexu, who led this struggle, became a national hero, and this activity became the fuse of the Opium War.
3. 1840- 1842, the first opium war broke out. After the Opium War, China gradually became a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society, which was the beginning of the modern history of China.
4. 1856- 1860 The British and French allied forces launched the Second Opium War to further open the China market. After occupying Beijing, they burned the Yuanmingyuan.
5. Before and after the Second Opium War, Russia forced the Qing government to sign a series of unequal treaties and occupied the territory of northeast and northwest China1500,000 square kilometers (combined with the table on page 8 and the picture on page 9).
6.1851-1864 Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Movement, 1853 occupied Nanjing another day, made its capital, and established a regime against the Qing Dynasty. In order to overthrow the rule of the Qing Dynasty, troops were sent to the Northern Expedition and the Western Expedition.
7. As an imperial envoy, Zuo adopted the strategy of "going north first, then going south, and slowly advancing into urgent battle" to recover Xinjiang. In order to strengthen the management and defense of the northwest frontier, the Qing government established a province in Xinjiang in 1884.
8. 1894- 1895 After the defeat of the Qing government in the Sino-Japanese War, the treaty of shimonoseki was signed with Japan, which greatly deepened the degree of semi-colonization of China.
9. 1900 Spring, the Boxer Rebellion was aimed at imperialist aggression.
10. 190 1 year, the Qing government was forced to sign the treaty of mourning for ugliness with the eight countries, which increased the newborn burden of China people and seriously damaged China's sovereignty. Since then, the Qing government has completely become a tool for imperialism to rule China, and China has completely become a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society.
1 1.65438+ Hubei textile layout etc. In the 1970s and 1980s, three navies, namely, the South China Sea, Beiyang and Fujian, were formed. Shi Jing Wentong Museum was founded in 1938+0862, which is the first new school founded by the Westernization School.
12. Evaluate the Westernization Movement (the content is on page 30, focusing on it)
13.1In the spring of 895, Kang Youwei's "Letter to the Bus" kicked off the political reform.
14.18 From June to September, 1998, Emperor Guangxu issued a series of decrees, the content of which was (P33): It is required to master from five aspects: politics, economy, military affairs, education and ideology.
In 15. 1894, Sun Yat-sen organized the revolutionary group Zhong Xing Society. 1905 Established a unified revolutionary organization, China League, with Sun Yat-sen as the prime minister, and adopted the revolutionary program of overthrowing the Qing Dynasty, abolishing absolute monarchy, establishing a democratic republic and reforming the land system. Its establishment has greatly promoted the bourgeois democratic revolutionary movement throughout the country.
16.1911The Revolution of 1911 overthrew the rule of the Qing Dynasty, ended the feudal monarchy in China for more than 2,000 years, and made the concept of democratic republic deeply rooted in people's hearts. However, the achievements of the Revolution of 1911 were stolen by Yuan Shikai, a northern warlord, and failed to complete the task of anti-imperialism and feudalism.
17. 19 15, Chen Duxiu and other intellectuals held high the two banners of "democracy" and "science", took New Youth magazine as the main position, launched a new culture movement, and attacked Zun Kong with four main ideas and four oppositions as the main content, thus setting off a trend of ideological emancipation in society.
18. 19 18 Li Dazhao published two articles, The Victory of the Common People and The Victory of Bolshevism, to promote Marxism.
19. The New Culture Movement is an unprecedented ideological emancipation movement in the history of our country. It inspires people to pursue democracy and science, explores the truth of saving the country and the people, and creates conditions for the spread of Marxism in China. However, the New Culture Movement also showed an absolute negative or positive bias towards the eastern and western cultures, and had an impact on later generations.
20.1965438+On May 4th, 2009, students from Peking University and other schools held demonstrations, demanding "fighting for sovereignty from outside and getting rid of national thieves from inside", canceling "Article 21", opposing signing a "peace treaty" with Germany and punishing traitors, which was suppressed by the Beiyang warlord government. In early June, Shanghai workers went on strike and businessmen went on strike to support the students' struggle. Cao Rulin and other traitors were dismissed, and they refused to sign the peace treaty. The May 4th Movement achieved initial victory. The May 4th Patriotic Movement was a patriotic movement that was thoroughly anti-imperialist and anti-feudal, and it was the beginning of China's new-democratic revolution.
The first congress of the Communist Party of China (CPC) held in Shanghai in July adopted the Party's program, and determined that the Party's goal was to overthrow the bourgeois regime, establish the dictatorship of the proletariat and realize communism. The central task is to lead the workers' movement.
22. 1922 the second national congress of communist party, China decided that the party's program of democratic revolution is to overthrow warlords, overthrow imperialist oppression and establish a democratic Republic. This is the first time that China put forward a thorough anti-imperialist and anti-feudal democratic revolutionary program.
Huangpu Military Academy was founded on 23rd.1924, with Zhou Enlai as the principal, and trained a large number of military and political talents.
24. 1926, Guangdong National Government's Northern Expedition, aimed at overthrowing the rule of Beiyang warlords and unifying the whole country; Object: Wu, Sun and Zhang; Main battlefields: Hunan and Hubei; Main battles: Tingsi Bridge, and Sheng Qiao; Destroyed Wu's main force in the battlefield between the two lakes; Less than half a year after his graduation, the Northern Expeditionary Army moved from the Pearl River Valley to the Yangtze River Valley, and the National Government moved from Guangzhou to Wuhan.
25. 1927 In April, Chiang Kai-shek rebelled against the revolution and established the "National Government" in Nanjing. It represents the interests of the big landlords and the big bourgeoisie, takes refuge in imperialism abroad and suppresses the people's revolutionary movement at home.
26. 1.0927 In August, Zhou Enlai, He Long, Zhu De and others led the Nanchang Uprising and fired the first shot of armed resistance against the Kuomintang reactionaries.
27.1In September, 927, Mao Zedong led the Autumn Harvest Uprising, launched an attack on the rural areas with weak enemy forces, and established the first rural revolutionary base area in China: Jinggangshan Revolutionary Base Area. Nanchang Uprising and Autumn Harvest Uprising were the beginning of China's independent leadership of the revolutionary war, the establishment of the people's army and the establishment of rural revolutionary base areas.
28. 1934 10 to 1936 10 After the failure to crush the enemy's fifth "encirclement and suppression", the Chinese Red Army of Workers and Peasants was forced to make a strategic shift and make a long March.
29. 1.935 1 month, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China held a Zunyi meeting, which solved the military and organizational mistakes of Bo Gukai and others, canceled the military command of Bo Gukai and others, and affirmed Mao Zedong's correct proposition. It was decided that Mao Zedong and Zhou Enlai would be in charge of military command. Zunyi Conference established the correct leadership of the CPC Central Committee with Mao Zedong at the core. This meeting saved the party, the Red Army and the revolution, and it was the party's.
On the way to the Long March, we crossed the Jinsha River and jumped out of the encirclement of the enemy. 1936, 10 In June, the Red Second and Red Fourth Front Army won and joined forces with the Red Army, announcing the end of the Long March victory. The victory of the Long March shattered the reactionary forces of the Kuomintang, saved the backbone of the Party and the Red Army, and turned the corner of the China revolution.
3 1. 193 1 September 18th Incident broke out, and Chiang Kai-shek demanded that Zhang Xueliang stationed in the northeast implement a policy of non-resistance, so that more than one million square kilometers of land in the three northeastern provinces fell into the enemy's hands in less than half a year. The people of the whole country opposed Chiang Kai-shek's policy of non-resistance and demanded to stop the civil war and resist Japanese aggression. The northeast people and some Northeast Army units organized anti-Japanese volunteers to resist Japanese aggression.
32. After the September 18th Incident, the Communist Party of China (CPC) put forward the idea of establishing a national anti-Japanese national united front, demanding that the National Government stop the civil war and unite against Japan. Zhang Xueliang and Yang accepted the Communist Party of China (CPC)'s idea. In order to force Jiang to resist Japan, an incident was launched in June1936+February 12. After the incident, * * occurred all over China.
33. 1937 The Japanese army launched an attack on the defenders of China at Lugouqiao, which created the July 7th Incident and the War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression of China people broke out in an all-round way. In the incident, Tong and Zhao died for their country and fell one after another, and the anti-Japanese national United front was formally established.
34.1937 65438+In February, the Japanese army occupied Nanjing and created the Nanjing Massacre. In six weeks, more than 300,000 China residents were massacred.
During the Anti-Japanese War, the Eighth Route Army led by the Communist Party of China (CPC) won the "Pingxingguan Great Victory", which was the first great victory since the Anti-Japanese War. In order to smash the enemy's "cage" policy, 1940 organized a Hundred Regiments War under Peng's command in August, which was the biggest battle for China's army to take the initiative to attack the Japanese army during the War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression period. In the spring of 1938, the Kuomintang army won a total victory in Taierzhuang.
36. On the eve of the victory of the Anti-Japanese War, the Seventh National Congress of the Communist Party of China (CPC) was held in Yan 'an on April 1945. The congress mainly discussed the major issues of what road China will take after winning the victory in War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression. The party's political line was formulated: mobilizing the masses freely, defeating the Japanese aggressors, liberating the people of the whole country, and establishing a new-democratic China under the leadership of China.
37.1August, 1945 15, Japan announced its unconditional surrender, which marked War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression's final victory.
38. After the victory of the Anti-Japanese War, Chiang Kai-shek, with the support of the United States, plotted to launch an anti-communist and anti-people civil war. In order to gain more time to prepare for the civil war and deceive the people, he invited Mao Zedong to negotiate in Chongqing. 1August 1948 to1September 19451October, in order to strive for domestic peace as much as possible, Mao Zedong, accompanied by Zhou Enlai and Wang Luofei, negotiated with the Kuomintang and finally reached the "Double Ten" of peaceful founding of the country.
39. 1946 In June, Chiang Kai-shek tore up the October 10th Agreement and launched an attack on the Central Plains Liberated Area, marking the outbreak of all-out civil war.
40.1In the summer of 947, Liu Bocheng and Deng Xiaoping led troops into Dabie Mountain, threatening Nanjing and Wuhan, marking the beginning of the strategic counterattack.
From April 1.1September 1948 to June 1949 and1year, the PLA launched three major campaigns: Liaoshen, Huaihai and Ping Jin. The victory of the Huaihai Campaign laid the foundation for the liberation of the provinces in the south of the Yangtze River (Chen Yi once said that the Huaihai Campaign was launched by people driving a car), and the whole territory of North China was basically liberated. 49660.88666 (master P98 map) The victory of the three major battles wiped out and reorganized more than1500,000 Kuomintang troops, and the main force of the Kuomintang army was basically eliminated, which greatly accelerated the victory of the national people's liberation war.
42.1On April 23rd, 949, the People's Liberation Army occupied Nanking, which marked the collapse of the Kuomintang regime that had ruled China for 22 years.
After the treaty of shimonoseki was signed, when the Chinese nation faced a serious national crisis, Zhang Jian, the number one industrialist, put forward the slogan of "saving the country through industry". He founded a series of enterprises, such as Sheng Da Cotton Mill, as well as schools and charities. During World War I, because imperialism relaxed its oppression on China's national capital, enterprises got further development, but they were annexed after the war.
44. The most famous newspaper in China is Shenbao, and 1872 was founded in Shanghai. Founded in Shanghai, the Commercial Press 1897 is the oldest and largest cultural publishing institution in modern China.
45. 1909, Zhan Tianyou presided over the construction of the Jing-Zhang Railway, which was the first railway designed and built by China people themselves.
46. Hou, who unveiled the mystery of alkali production, wrote the book "Alkali Production", and its alkali production method was named "Hou's Alkali Production Method".
47. Wei Yuan and Yan Fu are the representatives of thinkers who opened their eyes to see the world in modern times. Wei Yuan compiled a book "Atlas of Sea Countries", which systematically introduced the history and geography of Southeast Asia, Europe and the United States, and explained that the purpose of compilation was to "learn from foreigners and master their skills to control foreigners". Yan Fu was an enlightenment thinker during the Reform Movement of 1898. He translated the theory of natural evolution and expounded that "natural selection is the only way to survive"
48. During the Reform Movement of 1898, Shi Jing University was founded, which was the highest institution established by the first country in modern China.
49.6438+0905 The Qing government announced the abolition of the imperial examination system that had been used for more than 300 years.
50. Lu Xun's representative works include Diary of a Madman and Kong Yiji. Xu Beihong's representative works include Yu Gong Yi Shan and so on. Nie Er, known as the people's musician, is march of the volunteers and Xian Xinghai is the Yellow River Chorus.
How to review history?
1. Psychological stability is the key to normal play.
In fact, this is not only useful for history, but also useful for others. But you must remember this number in the history exam, because I seem to be really nervous about the college entrance examination ... some places really can't be remembered at once, so if you are really unstable, the result will be abnormal.
Therefore, we should learn to adjust ourselves and pay attention to several points.
(1) Through pre-test training, understand and adapt to the quasi-college entrance examination questions as soon as possible, and ease the test tension.
(2) Check and fill the gaps, improve the lack of knowledge points, and enhance self-confidence in taking the exam.
Eating well, sleeping well and being healthy are two prerequisites for mental health. Don't fight a "war of attrition", keep telling yourself "Look ahead, you need to work hard to achieve your goals (after the college entrance examination), and look back (after the senior high school entrance examination) to be confident".
Try to get full marks and don't give up any part easily.
3. Grasp the overall shelf structure and avoid picking up sesame seeds and throwing watermelons.
To consolidate and improve in the last month, we should start with the shelf structure, accurately grasp the main clues and stage characteristics, and then correspond to the basic historical facts, such as important events, people, evaluation issues and so on. In this way, from large to small, the macro and micro are combined, such as the ancient history of China, from the vertical (according to time) to grasp six stages-pre-Qin, Qin and Han Dynasties, Three Kingdoms, Southern Jin Dynasty, Sui and Tang Dynasties, Five Dynasties, Liao, Song, Xia, Jin and Yuan Dynasties, Ming and Qing Dynasties, and from the horizontal to grasp four aspects-politics, economy, culture, ethnic relations and foreign affairs. In short,
4. Pay attention to the examination questions, stand on the historical facts and pay attention to the combination of history and theory.
Examining questions is the premise and key to doing them. The content of historical knowledge is miscellaneous, but the design of the question is targeted: the corresponding content will change with time, space and degree. When reviewing questions, you should carefully grasp each keyword and then determine the writing angle. The material questions should be targeted to see if you have mastered effective information. Questions and answers should be answered in layers according to the structure of the question, and it is forbidden to "tell a paragraph" from beginning to end, otherwise you will lose your "stepping on the spot".
Finally, note: recite the outline, textbooks, historical maps and wrong questions and remember the letters. As long as the psychological stability is normal, the performance will not decline, so take stability as the standard and strive for progress while being stable.
Grasp the "three key points" from beginning to end
Focus 1: pay close attention to the basic knowledge of history, accurately grasp important historical facts, concepts and conclusions, sort out the basic clues, stage characteristics and internal relations of historical development, and form the backbone system and knowledge network of subject content;
1. Accurately remember basic historical facts, strive to remember them on the basis of understanding, and make knowledge networked.
2. Understanding important historical concepts and conclusions is the basic way to form historical thinking ability.
3. Understand the basic clues, stage characteristics and development process of historical development, and understand history from a macro perspective.
4. Strengthen the review of special history, achieve mastery through a comprehensive study, and form a knowledge backbone.
Hehe, in fact, history is really easy to review, but the problem is that it is not easy to get high marks in many cases, but it is also difficult to get low marks in many cases. So let's take a look at the usual review skills. ...
History of China (Grade 8)
Suji
Unit 1 Aggression and Resistance
Lesson 1 Opium War
In order to open the market, it is harmful to smuggle opium in Britain.
Lin Zexu, a national hero, was a powerful opium country in Humen.
Treaty of nanking has lost its rights and interests since 1840 Crow War.
Indemnity, land distribution by trade, semi-colonial and semi-closed modern history.
Lesson 2 The Great Powers' War of Aggression against China during the Second Opium War
Britain and France launched a disaster and burned the Yuanmingyuan.
Russia ceded territory,1500,000.
There are Taiping troops in the south to fight against the Qing Dynasty and foreign soldiers.
Indiana Jones killed Walter and left a lasting reputation.
Lesson 3 Recovering Xinjiang
Russia and Britain fought for Xinjiang, and the invasion was called Khan Agubo.
The strategy of paying equal attention to the left and the right is good.
Xinjiang recovers the motherland and governs the northwest provinces.
Lesson 4 Sino-Japanese War Sino-Japanese War
1894 Sino-Japanese War, ceding land and losing sovereignty.
Shichang was martyred in the Yellow Sea and opened a factory to increase the port.
Beiyang fleet was completely annihilated, which greatly deepened the colony.
Treaty of shimonoseki was forced to sign, and the national crisis was unprecedented.
Lesson 5 Eight-Nation Alliance's War of Aggression against China
Eight-Nation Alliance invaded the Qing Dynasty and occupied Beijing for the second time.
Pay a huge sum of money to send troops to tears for you.
The Qing dynasty became the court of foreigners by forbidding the people to resist the foreign powers.
Unit 2 Exploration of Modernization
Lesson 6 Westernization Movement
The landlord class is busy saving itself when it is at home and abroad.
From 65438+60 s to 90 s, he learned from foreigners to do westernization.
Since demanding wealth is the slogan, Ceng Li left Zhang.
Qiang Bing, a rich country, has not yet achieved military, civil and school goals.
The development of capitalism opened the modernization of China.
Lesson 7 1898 Reform Movement
I wrote a letter to the emperor on the bus, and the political reform movement began.
"Chinese and foreign news" strengthens the society, and Kang Liang runs to save the crisis.
The imperial edict of Guangxu should be changed, and the status quo should be changed in order to save the nation and survive.
The hundred-day reform failed, and the spirit of patriotism and love for the people was raised.
Lesson 8 Xinhai Revolution
Sun Yat-sen established an alliance under the guidance of the Three People's Principles.
Carry forward the nation, strive for civil rights and open up a land of people's livelihood.
Wuchang Uprising shook China, and the Revolution of 1911 founded the Republic of China.
Overthrow the imperial system of the Qing dynasty, and the democratic Republic was deeply rooted in the hearts of the people.
Lesson 9 New Culture Movement
Youth magazine movement.
The "democratic science school" waved the banner, represented by Chen Lihulu.
At the dawn of the October Revolution, Marxism resounded through China.
The New Culture Movement went down in history, and people's minds were greatly liberated.
Geography: 1, China is located in the (east) hemisphere and the (west) hemisphere, and is a country in the (east) part of Asia and the (west) coast of the Pacific Ocean.
2. Most of them are located in the (middle) latitude area, belonging to the (north temperature) zone, and a few areas in the south are located in the (hot) zone south of the (north) Tropic of Cancer, and there is no (cold) zone, only the (year-round ice and snow zone) zone similar to the cold zone.
3. China's land and sea position is located in the (east) part of the (Asia-Europe) continent, with the (largest) ocean (Taiping) in the east. This is a country with both land and sea. Mongolia is an (inland) country and Japan is an (island) country.
The land area is about (9.6 million) square kilometers, almost as big as the whole (Europe) continent, and the land area is only smaller than (Russia) and (Canada). The land border is more than (20,000) kilometers long, with (14) neighboring countries.
5. The northernmost part of the territory is on the center line of the main channel of (Heilongjiang) to the north of (Mohe), and the southernmost part is in the (Nansha Islands) of the (South) Sea (Zengmu shoal); The westernmost point is on the (Pamir) Plateau in Xinjiang, and the easternmost point is at the intersection of the center lines of the main waterways of (Heilongjiang) and (Wusuli River).
6. The latitude span between the north and south ends is about (50) degrees, and the distance between the north and south ends is about (5500) kilometers; The distance between the east and west ends is about 5000 kilometers.
7. The adjacent sea areas in the east are (Bohai Sea) (Yellow Sea) (East China Sea) (South China Sea) from north to south. The east coast of Taiwan Province Island is directly adjacent to the Pacific Ocean, and the narrow waterway on the west side is the Taiwan Province Strait, which belongs to the East China Sea.
8. The territorial sea area of China is about (370,000) square kilometers, and the sea area under its jurisdiction is about (3 million) square kilometers. Belonging to the inland sea of China is (Bohai) (Qiongzhou Strait) 9. The coastline of the mainland is more than (18000) kilometers, and there are (6) countries across the sea from China, followed by (Korea) (Japan) (Philippines) (Malaysia) (Brunei) (Indonesia).
10, (Bohai) has the largest saltworks in China-(Luchang) saltworks, (East) has the largest fishing ground in China-(Zhoushan) fishing ground, and the South China Sea has the most fishing grounds and oil and gas fields, with the largest (fish output) and (oil and gas) output.
1 1. Due to the large span (longitude), there are differences between the eastern and western ends of our territory; Due to the large span (latitude), there are seasonal differences between the northern and southern ends of our territory.
12, China's administrative regions are divided into three levels: (province), (county) and (township), among which there are (34) provincial administrative regions, including (23) provinces, (5) autonomous regions, (4) municipalities directly under the central government and (2) special administrative regions. (Autonomous Region) (Autonomous Prefecture) (Autonomous County) is a national autonomous area in China. The provincial level includes: (provinces, autonomous regions, municipalities directly under the Central Government and special administrative regions);
The county level includes: (counties, autonomous prefectures, autonomous counties and cities), and the township level includes: (townships, ethnic townships and towns)
13, the municipality directly under the central government is (Beijing) (Tianjin) (Shanghai) (Chongqing); Among them, Chongqing is the last municipality directly under the central government; The municipality with the largest area and population is (Chongqing); The Special Administrative Region returned to China on 1997 (Hongkong) and 1999 (Macau).
14, the province with the largest longitude span is (Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region); From east to west, the Tropic of Cancer passes through (Taiwan Province), (Guangdong), (Guangxi) and (Yunnan). The provinces with land and sea borders are (Liaoning) and (Guangxi); All tropical provinces are (Hainan); The easternmost province of our territory is (Heilongjiang); The westernmost province is (Xinjiang); The province with the largest number of neighboring countries is Xinjiang; The largest province is Xinjiang.
The second section has a large population, 1. According to the fifth census in 2000, the total population of China is (129.5) billion, accounting for more than (15) in the world. Due to the large population (base) in China, the annual population increase is about (120,000).
2. In order to adapt population growth to (socio-economic development) and (resources and environmental conditions), China government regards (family planning) as a basic national policy to control population (quantity) and improve population (quality).
3. The average population density of China (per square kilometer 135 people) is (3) that of the world (39 people per square kilometer).
4. The population distribution in China is uneven, with (Heihe) (Heilongjiang) to (Tengchong) (Yunnan) as the geographical dividing line, and the population density in the eastern region is high, especially in some coastal provinces (southeast). The eastern region accounts for 43%, but the population accounts for 94%. The most populous province in China is (Henan), the least populous provincial administrative region is (Macau), and the least populous province is (Tibet). Calculation formula of population density: population density = ——
In the third quarter, there were 1 multi-ethnic families. The Han nationality accounts for 92% of the total population, and the other 55 ethnic minorities account for 8%. The ethnic minority with the largest population is (Zhuang),/kloc-more than 0/60,000, and the ethnic minority with the smallest population is (Barrow); There are 9 ethnic minorities with a population of over 5 million, namely (Manchu, Miao Wei, Zhuang, Yimeng, Tujia and Tibetan). 2. Han nationality is distributed all over the country, most concentrated in (East) and (Middle); Ethnic minorities are scattered, mainly in (southwest) (northwest) (northeast). No county or city in China is a (unitary) country.
3. Ethnic distribution has the characteristics of "big mixed residence, small settlement". In areas where ethnic minorities live in concentrated communities, regional ethnic autonomy shall be practiced, and organs of self-government shall be established, and ethnic minorities shall exercise self-government in autonomous areas. 4. The province with the largest ethnic groups (Yunnan) and the most widely distributed ethnic minorities (Hui). 5. Ethnic groups corresponding to customs, habits and cultures: group dancing Tibetans); Songkran Festival; Chang Drum Dance (Korean); Ganlanmulou (Zhuang nationality); Wrestling (Mongolian); Tibetan medicine (Tibetan); Believe in Islam (Uygur) (Hui); Ma Touqin (Mongolian); Dombrat (Kazakh)
Chapter II Natural Environment of China Section 1 Topography and Geomorphology
1. The topography of China is mainly in the west (mountains) (plateaus) (basins) and the east (plains) (hills). The general feature of topography is (high in the west and low in the east), and all kinds of topography gradually decrease from (Qinghai-Tibet Plateau) to the north and east.
2. Step 1: Altitude range: (above 4000m); Main landforms: (plateau) (mountain); Main terrain area: (Qinghai-Tibet Plateau) (Qaidam Basin)
Step 2: Altitude range: (1000-2000m); Main landforms: (plateau) (basin);
Main topographic areas: (Tarim Basin) (Junggar Basin) (Sichuan Basin) (Inner Mongolia Plateau) (Loess Plateau) (Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau)
Step 3: altitude range: (below 500 meters); Main landforms: (plains) (hills);
Main topographic areas: (Northeast Plain), (North China Plain) (Middle and Lower Yangtze Plain) (Liaodong Hill) (Shandong Hill) (Southeast Hill)
3. The dividing line between the first step and the second step: (Kunlun Mountain) (Qilian Mountain) (Hengduan Mountain)
The dividing line between the second step and the third step: (Daxinganling) (Taihang Mountain) (Wushan) (Xuefeng Mountain)
4. Most of the mountains strike (east-west) and (northeast-southwest), which constitute the (skeleton) of China's topography.
There are four plateaus embedded among mountains (4) great basin (3) Great Plain.
6. The plateaus, plains, basins and hills with the largest area are (Qinghai-Tibet Plateau) and (Northeast Plain) in turn. (The highest altitude plateau and basin in the southeast hills of Tarim Basin is Qaidam Basin on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.