Ayurveda is a kind of medicine that originated in South Asia 2000 years ago. Its two most famous documents include CHARAKA SAMHITHA and SUSRUTHA SAMHITHA. Although some medical views from Vedas expressed in these works are extremely limited, historians have the ability to prove the direct historical relationship between early Ayurveda and early Buddhism and Jainism. It seems that the earliest foundation of Ayurveda is based on the synthesis of ancient herbal practices in 2000 BC and the formation of a large number of theoretical concepts by thinkers including Buddha after 400 BC, new disease classification and new treatment methods.
According to Indian medical books, health and disease are not predetermined, and human efforts can prolong life. The book Surgery defines that the purpose of medicine is to treat patients' diseases, protect healthy people and prolong life. These two ancient documents include details of examination, diagnosis, treatment and prognosis (prediction of disease onset and prognosis). The book Surgery is famous for describing various operations, including rhinoplasty, repairing damaged earlobe, perineal cystotomy, white organ surgery and other excision and surgery.
Ayurveda talks about eight branches of medicine: internal medicine, surgery (including anatomy), eye, ear, nose, throat, head diseases and treatment, pediatrics, psychiatry and psychosomatic diseases, toxicology, rejuvenation and aphrodisiac.
Besides studying these, Ayurvedic students are considered to know ten indispensable techniques for preparing and applying drugs: distillation, operation skills, cooking, gardening, metallurgy, sugar making, pharmacy, mineral analysis and preparation, metal mixing and alkali preparation. Teach different subjects when teaching related outpatient subjects. For example, anatomy education is included in surgical education.
At the end of the initiation ceremony, the teacher will give a serious speech to guide the students to live a pure, honest and vegetarian life. The students work hard for the health of the patients. He can't betray the patient for his own benefit. He must dress appropriately and avoid drinking. He must keep calm and self-control, and always measure his conversation. He must constantly increase his knowledge and skills. In the patient's home, he must be polite and modest. If the patient cannot be treated, it must be kept secret if it may harm the patient or others.
The normal training period of students seems to be as long as seven years. Before graduation, students must pass the exam. However, doctors must continue to learn through words, direct observation and inference. In addition, doctors must attend meetings and exchange knowledge. Doctors are also ordered to get knowledge from mountain people, shepherds and people living in the forest. The medical knowledge contained in Edwin Smith's papyrus manuscript can be traced back to 3000 BC.
On the contrary, Egyptian papyrus manuscripts (written about 1550 BC) are full of spells, methods of exorcising demons that cause diseases and other superstitions. Egyptian papyrus manuscript may be the earliest document to record tumors, but it may only refer to simple swelling because of the ignorance of ancient medical terms.
Hong Kong Gynecology Papyrus Manuscript
Known as the "house of life", medical institutions were established as early as the first dynasty in Egypt.
The earliest known doctor was the "chief dentist and doctor" of the ancient Egyptian Pharaoh Zosel in the 27th century BC. The oldest Babylonian medical literature can be traced back to the Babylonian period in the first half of 2000 BC. The most detailed medical literature in Babylon is a diagnostic manual written by Sadil King apli, a doctor in Borsipa, during the reign of King Ada apra Idina of Babylon (BC 1069- 1046).
With the development of modern ancient Egyptian medicine, Babylonians introduced the concepts of diagnosis, prognosis, physical examination and prescription. In addition, the diagnostic manual introduces the treatment method and etiology, the use of empiricism, logic and diagnosis, prognosis and the rationality of treatment. This document contains a list of many diseases, and often describes in detail experimental observations and reasonable rules for combining diseases observed in patients with their diagnosis and prognosis.
The Diagnostic Manual is based on a set of reasonable axioms and assumptions, including some modern viewpoints, that is, by examining the symptoms of patients, we may determine the disease, etiology, development and rehabilitation opportunities of patients. The symptoms and diseases of patients can be treated by some medical methods, such as bandages, oil and pills. The research and implementation of Persian medicine has a long and rich history. Persia is at the intersection of East and West, making it the center of medical development in ancient Greece and India. Before and after the Islamization of Iran, many contributions were added to this body of knowledge.
The first generation of Persian doctors were trained at Jundishapur College. Hospitals are sometimes considered to be invented. For example, Lazarus became the first doctor to systematically use alcohol for medical purposes.
Encyclopedia of Medicine is the most complete book compiled by Iranian chemist Lazes. In this book, Lazarus recorded clinical cases from his own experience and provided very useful records of various diseases.
Kitabbi Al-Jadariwa Al-Hasbah, which introduces measles and smallpox, was compiled by lazarus and has great influence in Europe.
Avicenna, a philosopher and doctor in an Islamic seminary, is another influential figure. His Classic of Medicine is sometimes regarded as the most famous book in medical history. It used to be the standard book in Europe until the Enlightenment. Since Oates the Iceman was discovered in Austria and the Italian Alps in 199 1, people think that the history of medicine has become longer. He is about 46 years old and has more than 40 tattoos. Most tattoos are located in places where medical analysis also shows that she once suffered from diseases or pains such as arthritis. He died in 3300 BC, and his body is the longest preserved mummy in Europe, and now it is kept in the museum in Porzano. For decades in the Greek era, the law allowed doctors to dissect slaves or prisoners alive for research, but later it was forbidden.
Because of the development of Asian and European societies, belief systems have been replaced by different natural systems. Since Hippocrates, the Greeks have developed a body fluid medical system, and treatment is considered to restore the balance of body fluids. Ancient Medicine is a medical monograph, which was compiled by Hippocrates around 400 BC. China and India also support similar views. In Greece, from Galen to the Renaissance, the essence of medicine was to maintain health by controlling diet and hygiene. Knowledge of anatomy is very limited, and there are few operations or other treatments. Relying on a good relationship with patients, doctors can deal with minor illnesses and comfort patients in bad situations. However, when the epidemic occurred, it first occurred in the domestication of cities and animals, and then spread to the whole world. Doctors played little role.
Hippocrates is regarded as the father of modern medicine, and his followers first described many diseases and medical conditions. He was honored because he first described clubbed fingers (the ends of fingers and toes are enlarged, nails are shiny and abnormally bent), which is an important symptom of chronic suppurative lung disease, lung cancer and cyanotic heart disease. For this reason, deformed fingers are sometimes called "Hippocratic fingers". Hippocrates was also the first doctor to describe "the face of Hippocrates" in his diagnosis. Shakespeare famously alluded to the description of "the face of Hippocrates" when describing the death of Faststaff in Henry V.
Hippocrates divided diseases into acute, chronic, endemic and epidemic, and used terms such as deterioration, recurrence, regression, mutation, sudden onset, peak and rehabilitation. Another major contribution of Hippocrates can be found in the description of symptomatology, physical discovery, surgical treatment and prognosis of pleural empyema. Hippocrates was the first documented thoracic surgeon, and his findings are still correct.
Galen performed many bold and innovative operations, including brain and eye operations. After that, no one tried to have brain and eye surgery for about two thousand years. Later, in medieval Europe, Galen's articles on anatomy became the backbone of medieval doctors' university courses, but their medical development was stagnant. However, in the 1930s of 16, the Belgian anatomist and doctor Andreas Wesias carried out a plan to translate many Galen's articles written in Greek into Latin. Viserya's most famous work, Human Body Structure, was greatly influenced by Galen's articles. The works of Galen and Avicenna, especially the Canon of Medicine, which contains their theories, were translated into Latin. Until16th century, Medical Classics was still the most authoritative book in European medical education.
The Romans invented many surgical instruments, including the first instrument specially used for women. In surgery, pliers, scalpels, cautery, scissors, suture needles, probes and dilators were used. The Romans were also pioneers in cataract surgery.
Medieval medicine was a mixture of science and religion. In the early Middle Ages, with the demise of the Roman Empire, the standard medical knowledge was mainly based on the only remaining Greek and Roman objects preserved in monasteries or other places. The concepts of treatment and origin of diseases are not entirely secular, but also based on religious views. Fate, sin, stars and other factors are considered equal to physical factors.
Olesius was the greatest medical knowledge compiler in Byzantine Empire. Some of his and other Byzantine doctors' works were translated into Latin, even into English and French in the age of enlightenment and reason. The last great Byzantine doctor was an actuary who lived in Constantinople in the early 4th century.
Medicine is obviously not one of the seven categories of liberal arts education, so it is regarded as handicraft rather than science. However, medicine, law and theology are the earliest universities in Europe in the12nd century. The operation performed by Rogelius Salerni Tannous laid the foundation for the modern surgical manual. The development of modern neurology began in16th century, describing the brain structure and other internal organs. He lacks the concept of its function and thinks that it is mainly placed in the ventricle. Islamic civilization focuses on medicine, because Muslim doctors have made great contributions in various fields of medicine, including anatomy, ophthalmology, pharmacology, pharmacy, physiology, surgery and pharmacy. Arabs further developed the medical practice of Greeks and Romans. Hussein Ibn ishak and his assistant translated the works of the Greek doctor Galen into Arabic. This work, especially Galen's rational and systematic medical method, has set a template for Islamic medicine. Islamic medicine quickly spread throughout the Arab Empire. Islamic doctors established the earliest hospitals. Influenced by the Middle East during the Crusades, Europe established hospitals.
Al-Kindy demonstrated the application of mathematics in medicine, especially in pharmacology, in his book Gradib. This includes the development of mathematics to measure the strength of drugs, and a system that allows doctors to know in advance the most important day when patients are ill. Lazes compiled many clinical cases according to his own experience and provided useful records of many diseases. His medical encyclopedia introduced measles and smallpox, which is very influential in Europe. In Doubt about Galen, lazarus was the first to prove the mistakes of Galen's theory of body fluids and Aristotle's theory of four elements by experimental methods.
Abu Kassem is considered as the father of modern surgery. He compiled Medical Methods. That is a 30-volume medical encyclopedia. This book was taught in Muslim and European medical schools until the 0/7th century. He used many surgical instruments, including those specially used for women, catgut, tweezers, ligature, surgical needle, scalpel, curette, tractor, surgical spoon, probe, surgical hook, dilator, saw and plaster.
Avicenna is regarded as the father of modern medicine and one of the greatest thinkers and medical scholars in history. His Canon of Medicine (1020) and Book of Treatment (1 1 century) maintained the standard textbooks for Muslims and Europeans until17th century. Avicenna's contributions include introducing systematic experiments and measurements in studying physiology, discovering infectious diseases spread by contact, introducing isolation to limit the spread of diseases spread by contact, introducing drugs and clinical experiments in experiments, introducing bacteria and viruses for the first time, distinguishing mediastinum and pleurisy, distinguishing tuberculosis from diseases spread by contact and water and soil, and describing dermatoses, sexually transmitted diseases, sexual abnormalities and neuropathy in detail for the first time, treating fever with ice and distinguishing it from pharmacology. Distinguishing medicine from pharmacology is very important for the development of pharmaceutical science.