The development of school physical education thought and the curriculum and scientization of school physical education;
Renaissance and religious reform laid the foundation of school physical education and school physical education thought; The scientific and technological revolution and industrial revolution have promoted the development of school physical education and physical education thoughts.
The Enlightenment is the second great ideological emancipation movement in Europe after the Renaissance. Guided by scientific rationality, scientific norms and scientific methods, the Enlightenment made the spiritual and cultural functions of modern science widely and fully reflected.
In this context, with the rapid development of modern education, school physical education has gradually completed the transformation from "activity" to "course". Comenius is a pioneer in promoting the development of school physical education into a curriculum. He established the school year and class teaching system and put forward a series of teaching principles. He believes that "the body is not only the residence of reasoning soul, but also the tool of soul". As a sound person, in addition to knowledge, virtue and piety, one must also have a healthy body to ensure the normal development of human functions and intelligence and achieve "harmony between body and mind". "If the body is unhealthy and any part of the body is damaged, its guests and souls will live in the residence of a poor guest." In Comenius' view, school education should mainly strengthen the training of children's big muscles such as hands and feet.
Rousseau advocated imitating the laws of nature in the unnatural and adopting natural methods to educate children in an all-round way, including sports. It is the philanthropist educator represented by Bassado and others who transformed Locke and Rousseau's sports thoughts into educational reality. "What are you talking about? 6? 1 bo? 6? National education cannot be fully realized until 1 Bassado puts forward new educational methods. " 1) Bassett founded a fraternity school in Dessau, Germany on 1774. Dessau School spends two months every summer vacation for students to engage in sports activities in the wild. At first, it adopted traditional knight events, such as fencing, dancing, horseback riding and prancing. Later, it gradually supplemented "Greek gymnastics" such as running, jumping and throwing, and various German folk ball games and billiards, and finally formed a school physical education curriculum famous for its five events (running, high jump, climbing, balance and weight bearing). The physical education implemented in this school is considered as the beginning of modern school physical education.
The greatest contribution of Dessau School is that it solves the problem of how most children carry out physical education. After Pasteur's death, Germany and even all parts of Europe followed suit and established many fraternity schools, so physical education class's courses spread to all parts of Europe, which further promoted the closeness of sports from content to method. Under this influence, Germany's Guzmitz and Yang, Sweden's Lin et al. [1] successively established German-style and Swedish-style gymnastics systems, and further spread to European countries. The influence not only promotes the unification of school physical education, but also promotes the arrangement and unification of folk sports methods in various countries. The mass sports organizations and stadiums initiated by Gu have further solved the problem of how school-age teenagers and most people carry out sports.
German educator Gutzmitz further developed the curriculum form of school physical education. Gutzmitz is a teacher of Schnieffenthal School founded by 1784, and has been in charge of the school's physical education class since 1786. Physical education class's extracurricular activities and games were removed from the school. Gymnastics is usually arranged at11:00-12: 00 in the morning. Teaching organization forms grouped by age and ability in teaching activities; This course is divided into introduction, observation, correction, help, measurement and evaluation.
Another contribution of Gutzmitz is to systematize the exercise method. He classified the selected textbooks according to four principles: according to the purpose of sports, the nature of sports, sports anatomy and sports types. In the book GymnistikfurdieJugend published by 1793, he divided gymnastics methods into three categories: inherent gymnastics, manual labor and games. Inherent gymnastics is regarded as a basic sport, including running, jumping, throwing, wrestling (falling), hanging, balancing and game sports (lifting, carrying and handstand).
However, in the second edition 1804, nine items of fencing and shooting were added.
Pestalozzi is the greatest educator in19th century, and also a representative figure who made physical education class mature. He put forward the concept of "educational psychology" and founded the theory of harmonious development education and factor education. It is clearly pointed out that education "lies in developing children's moral, intellectual and physical abilities according to the laws of nature, and the development of these abilities must take into account their complete balance." In his harmonious development education curriculum system, each course is divided into three categories: physical education and labor, moral education and intellectual education that attaches importance to knowledge accumulation. The task of sports is to develop all the physiological forces hidden in people. Without the development of all kinds of physical strength, it is impossible to talk about labor education, labor habits and skill training. Pestalozzi was the first person to analyze human movement from the perspective of elements. He believes that the basic element of human movement is joint activity, which is manifested in simple basic movements, such as moving, pushing and pulling. Can be combined to form a variety of complex movements; This ability endowed by nature to children is the foundation of physical development, and it is also the element of physical exercise and various physical activities including labor. He advocates following
The difficulty of joint activities arranges the teaching order of physics activities.
There is an obvious contradiction between Pestalozzi's physical education curriculum theory and practice: his essentialist curriculum thought can be regarded as the pioneer of scientism curriculum theory, but his physical education teaching practice has inherited the natural sports tradition since Rousseau.
Due to the adoption of curriculum forms and class teaching methods, school physical education can also train workers on a large scale, in batches and in a standardized way. Under the background of high industrialization and nationalist movement, many countries have legislated to require students to receive compulsory physical education. /kloc-from the second half of 0/9th century to the beginning of 20th century, many countries in Europe and America successively made corresponding government decrees or passed parliamentary legislation, and made physical education a compulsory course in schools at all levels. Since then, physical education has been established as an important part of the school curriculum system.