1, learned helplessness.
Refers to a person's psychological state and behavior of powerlessness and loss of confidence in the face of problems after experiencing failures and setbacks.
2. pygmalion effect.
Also known as expectation effect and Rosenthal effect, it refers to the expectation or prediction formed by people based on their perception of a certain situation, which will make the situation have the effect of adapting to this expectation or prediction. You will get what you expect. Many present gains are actually the result of past "future expectations".
3. aronson effect.
It refers to the psychological phenomenon that the attitude is gradually negative with the decrease of reward and gradually positive with the increase of reward. It shows that people like people who like, reward and praise themselves more and more, but they don't like people or things who like, reward and praise themselves more and more.
4. South wind effect.
Also known as the law of warmth, it means that in interpersonal communication, gentle communication can make people feel psychologically comfortable, while "cold" communication can make people feel disgusted. Specifically, in interpersonal communication, we should pay attention to respect and care, pay attention to methods, and get along gently.
5. sour grape effect.
It refers to the phenomenon that when a person's real needs are not met and he feels frustrated, he makes up some "reasons" to comfort himself in order to relieve his nervousness, relieve his pressure, free himself from negative psychological states such as dissatisfaction and anxiety, and protect himself from harm.
6. self-reference effect.
Refers to the phenomenon that the memory effect is better than other coding conditions when the memory material is associated with itself. For example, when we are in contact with new things, if it is closely related to ourselves, we will have motivation when we study and it is not easy to forget.
7. Role effect.
Refers to the phenomenon that when a person is in a certain role or role change, it usually causes psychological or behavioral changes because of this role (or role change).
8. Sharpen the effect.
Refers to the phenomenon that people's existing values can promote perception. Specifically, when people's values are activated in front of the perceived object in the process of social perception, this kind of values has a very obvious effect on their perception.
9. Reward and punishment effect.
It refers to the phenomenon that psychological activities such as self-evaluation can be influenced by external strengthening or weakening of the target person's behavior, which in turn leads to the strengthening or weakening of his behavior. Specifically, praise, encouragement and trust can often stimulate a person's self-esteem and self-motivation; Appropriate, moderate and realistic punishment measures can promote a person to correct his wrong behavior.
10, Hawthorne effect.
Refers to the psychology that people will deliberately change some behaviors or verbal expressions when they realize that they are being watched or observed.
1 1, hitchhiking effect.
Refers to the efforts made by a member of an interest group for the benefit of the interest group. Everyone in the group may benefit, but the cost is borne by the individual. This is the free-rider effect.
12, ratchet effect.
It means that people's consumption habits are irreversible after they are formed, showing the phenomenon of "easy upward adjustment" and "difficult downward adjustment".
13, Murphy's law.
It means that everything that can go wrong has a high probability of going wrong, that is, as long as its probability is greater than zero, it will always happen at some time (sooner or later). On the one hand, we should keep a normal mind about mistakes, on the other hand, we should guard against procrastination and not take chances.
14, end of mustang.
It refers to the phenomenon that the mood fluctuates greatly because of some small things, so that it is hurt by external factors of others. Theory proves that people's emotions have costs, and emotions are the result of people's choices.
15 and Barnum effect.
Also known as the Fowler effect. It refers to the phenomenon that some people often think that a general description of personality reveals their own characteristics very accurately. In detail, when some common, vague and general adjectives are used to describe a person, some people with limited cognition or lack of independent thinking and rational thinking are often easy to accept these descriptions and think that they are themselves.
16, conformity effect.
Also known as herding. It refers to the psychological tendency of people in social groups to accept the views or behaviors that most people agree with without analysis.
17, bystander effect.
Also known as responsibility diffusion, it means that if an individual is allowed to complete a task alone, he will have a strong sense of responsibility and make a positive response. However, if a group is required to complete the task together, each individual in the group will have a weak sense of responsibility and often shrink back in the face of difficulties or responsibilities.
18, broken window effect.
Refers to the bad phenomenon, if left unchecked, will induce people to imitate, or even worse.
19, birdcage effect.
It refers to the behavior that people will continue to add more related items that they don't need on the basis of accidentally acquiring an item that they don't need originally.
20. Babel's Law.
"Babel's Law" means that the stronger a person is stimulated at first, the slower he is stimulated later. That is, the first stimulus can alleviate the second small stimulus. Simply put, one thing has the law of diminishing marginal utility.
2 1, cold and hot water effect.
It means that people's criteria for judging things will change with psychological changes, and the change of such criteria usually affects people's perception of things.
22. The psychological effect of waterfalls.
Someone's casual words make others "restless" and lead to changes in attitude and behavior, which is a bit like "a stone stirs up a thousand waves". Psychology calls this phenomenon "waterfall psychological effect". Like a waterfall in nature, it's quiet above, but it's covered with flowers and fog below.
23. Psychological pendulum effect.
It refers to the higher the emotional level, the greater the psychological gradient, so it is easy to transform into the opposite emotional state, which is characterized by multiplicity and polarity.
24. Retinal effect.
It refers to the phenomenon that when people have a special need or orientation, they will have a strong interest in the object they need, pay attention to relevant information naturally or unconsciously, and unconsciously filter out irrelevant information, thus producing selective attention.
25. Placebo effect.
Also known as pseudo-drug effect and non-specific effect, it refers to the phenomenon that patients have a certain positive reaction based on "expectation of treatment" or "trust in medical staff" although they have no effective treatment, so that their symptoms can be alleviated.
26. Domino effect.
In an interconnected system, a small initial energy may lead to a series of chain reactions. It emphasizes the transitivity and continuity between things.
27. zernike's memory effect.
It refers to the phenomenon that people are more impressed with unprocessed things than processed things. Zeegnik's memory effect is an important driving force for many people to finish their work, but some people will go to extremes, either because they can never finish a thing because of procrastination, or they have to finish it at one go.
28, overrun effect.
It refers to the psychological phenomenon that stimulation is too much, too strong or the action time is too long, thus causing psychological impatience or rebellion. The over-limit effect brings people a lot of enlightenment, such as grasping the key of the audience in the first three minutes and effectively spreading within 30 minutes. In addition, critics should adopt humorous criticism, and criticism and encouragement should be synchronized.
29. Blank effect.
When people perceive things, if the perceived object is incomplete, they will naturally use association to supplement the incomplete perceived object in their minds. And in the process of this association and supplement, it will have a stronger psychological effect and a deeper impression.
30. The effect of house demolition.
It refers to the phenomenon that large and many demands are put forward first, then small and few demands are put forward, and finally the two sides reach an agreement.
3 1, foot-in effect.
Also known as push your luck effect, it means that once a person accepts a trivial request from others, in order to avoid cognitive disharmony or give others a consistent impression, it is possible to accept a bigger request.
32. Relationship field effect.
In the activity efficiency of the role group, it may not only increase the intensity, but also lead to the decrease of the intensity. This kind of cohesion or friction produced by groups composed of different role players is collectively called "relational field effect" in social psychology. Increase the strength to "three heads are better than one Zhuge Liang" and reduce the strength to "three monks have no water to drink".
33. Flywheel effect.
It is difficult to do something at first, but once we get through this difficulty, we can get great gains without blowing off dust or even blowing off dust.
34. Mute effect.
It means that in interpersonal communication, people mostly choose to remain silent or choose what they like and cater to each other, and try to avoid saying things that make the other person unhappy or may reduce their value, because they are worried about the pressure or coercion of the other party's authority.
35. Hercules effect.
It refers to a social psychological effect that there is resentment between people or groups, which leads to deeper and deeper hatred. It enlightens people that people should not "add fuel to the fire" in hatred, but should learn to let go.
36. Mushroom effect.
Refers to the suspicion and injustice faced by a new entrant in an organization, and then develops into recognition or neglect caused by performance differences. The enlightenment is that newcomers should avoid the negative impact of mushroom effect after entering the company and avoid the waste and loss of talents caused by the long-term existence of this effect. It comes from an image metaphor: mushrooms grow in dark corners, without sunlight and fertilizer, and die of their own accord. Only when it grows high enough will it begin to be noticed, but at this time it can accept the sunshine itself.
37. Brewing effect.
It refers to the phenomenon that when the solution to a problem is repeatedly explored without results, the problem is put aside for a period of time, and the solution is often found at once because of some opportunity.
38. Projection effect.
It refers to the tendency to attribute one's own characteristics to others, that is, to project one's feelings, will and characteristics on others and impose them on others when forming an impression on them.
39. Salt effect.
It means that good things should be moderate and timely, and what is needed is the best. As people often say, icing on the cake is better than sending charcoal in the snow. Salt used to be essential in cooking, but it tastes bad when put too much, and it was later introduced into the field of education.
40. Delayed gratification effect.
Also known as the candy effect. It refers to the phenomenon that people voluntarily postpone or give up their current and lesser satisfaction for the sake of long-term and greater interests. Psychologists also found through observation that a person's personality can be inferred from the small experiments of self-control, judgment and self-confidence when he was a child.
4 1, spotlight effect.
Also known as the spotlight effect, he inadvertently magnified his problems infinitely. Often manifested in overestimating others' attention to themselves and caring about the impression they leave on others.
42, dark effect.
It means that in a dark place, it is easy to reduce the sense of security and create a sense of security when both sides can't see each other's expressions clearly. In this case, the possibility of being close to each other is much higher than that in a bright place.
43. Business card effect.
In communication, if you show the same attitude and values as the other person, you will make the other person feel that you are more similar to him.
44. Law of Interpersonal Attraction.
It refers to a state of emotional intimacy between individuals and others due to various factors, and it is a positive form of interpersonal relationship. According to the degree of attraction, interpersonal attraction can be divided into affinity, liking and love. Affinity is a low-level interpersonal attraction, like is an intermediate attraction, and love is the strongest form of interpersonal attraction.
45. First cause effect.
Also known as dominance effect, first impression effect and preconceived effect. It means that people usually form a vivid impression of a person's initial contact information, which will affect people's evaluation of this person in the future. This is a continuous position effect.
46. recency effect.
Also known as "novelty effect", it refers to the psychological effect that the latest stimulus promotes the formation of new impressions. Contrary to the first cause effect, it means that when multiple stimuli appear at the same time, the formation of impression mainly depends on the stimuli that appear later, that is, the latest understanding of others masks the previous evaluation. This is a continuous position effect.
47. Stereotype effect.
Stereotype effect, also known as stereotype, refers to a fixed view and evaluation of a certain group, and at the same time, it also gives this view and evaluation to individuals belonging to this group.
Case: Based on the impression that doctors are "knowledgeable", people generally think that doctors must know everything or write beautifully. In fact, most doctors are more focused and proficient in a field than people think. And it doesn't have to be beautiful.
48. Halo effect.
Also known as halo effect, it means that people's cognitive judgments about others are based on their own personal preferences, and then other qualities of cognitive objects are inferred from this judgment, which leads to the phenomenon of "generalizing from points to generalizations".
49. See more effects.
Also known as exposure effect, it refers to the phenomenon that the more familiar you are, the more you like it.
50. Heterosexual effect.
Also known as "magnet effect", it means that heterosexual contact will produce a special mutual attraction and motivation, from which we can experience unspeakable emotional pursuit, which usually has a positive impact on people's activities and learning.