Ways and methods are the key factors to implement the content of active mental health education for college students and achieve its goal. The complexity of the formation of positive psychological quality determines that the applicable methods of positive mental health education should be characterized by enriching and deepening positive psychological experience.
After nearly 30 years' development, college students' mental health education in China has made remarkable achievements, but there are still some negative tendencies in theoretical research, curriculum setting and psychological consultation. Therefore, it is suggested to establish the educational goal of a happy life, create the educational content of positive psychological quality, enrich the ways and means of positive psychological experience, change the negative value orientation, and realize the positive turn of college students' mental health education.
[Keywords:] college students; Mental health education; Negative tendency; Forward turn
After nearly 30 years of exploration and practice, the mental health education for college students in China has made remarkable achievements in ideological understanding, system construction, teacher construction, teaching development, consulting service, activity organization and theoretical research, and the degree of standardization and specialization has gradually improved, which has played a positive role in the growth of college students. However, looking at the current situation of college students' mental health education, there are still some bottleneck factors that seriously affect the in-depth development of college students' mental health education, such as some negative tendencies in theoretical research, curriculum setting and psychological consultation. Therefore, it is the proper meaning of reform and development to change the negative educational value orientation and turn to a positive new direction of mental health education in colleges and universities.
First of all, there is a certain negative tendency in the mental health education of college students in China.
Seligman, the founder of the positive psychology movement? Sick? The dominant psychological model is called negative psychology. In the long development of psychology, negative psychology has always occupied a dominant position, which has had a great influence on mental health education in colleges and universities. Pathological patterns often appear in the current mental health education in colleges and universities. From the screening and filing of students' psychological problems when they enter school, to the group or individual counseling and psychological lectures for problem students later, these all reflect the fact that colleges and universities take? Question? Negative tendencies are concentrated.
In some colleges and universities, mental health education has become synonymous with finding and solving psychological problems or obstacles. The reduction of the number of students with psychological problems, the alleviation of students' psychological obstacles and the reduction of the incidence of malignant psychological events have become the standards to measure the effect of mental health education. This is the result of the negative psychological influence on college students' mental health education. The negative tendency of college students' mental health education in China is mainly reflected in the following three aspects:
(1) Theoretical research.
The research on college students' mental health education should include positive aspects such as positive quality and negative aspects such as psychological problems. However, most of the current research results focus on the latter, that is, the negative aspects, such as the classification of psychological disorders, symptom recognition and the diagnosis and treatment of psychological diseases, while ignoring the positive views, focusing on cultivating students' positive strength and positive quality, developing their psychological potential and promoting them to have a full, prosperous and happy life. This can be verified by comparing the number of published documents. The author consulted the literature about college students' mental health in recent years (1979? 20 15).
The results show that there are 454 documents about college students' psychological diseases, 867 documents about psychological problems, 2424 documents about psychological obstacles, 257 documents about college students' anxiety, 263 documents about depression and 253 documents about suicide. On the positive psychological level of college students, there are 4 documents about happiness, 4 1 document about happiness, 1 16 document about satisfaction, 1465438 document about innovative quality of college students, and 2 1 document about potential. The comparison of the above data shows that the theoretical research on the negative psychological level of college students far exceeds the theoretical research on the positive psychological level.
These negative psychological factors, which are paid too much attention to, not only can not cheer up the spirit, but will exaggerate and spread the negative psychological experience, leave negative psychological hints to people and strengthen the negative psychological factors of college students. Studies have shown that physical and mental diseases can be solved by treating or enhancing their own immunity. Increasing your own immunity is the fundamental way to cure physical and mental diseases. Therefore, the author suggests that attention should be paid to the development and cultivation of college students' positive qualities. If every college student has positive psychological factors such as positive emotions, positive personality and a rich and happy life, mental illness will lose its breeding ground.
Curriculum
There are two kinds of mental health education courses offered in colleges and universities: one is a public elective course or compulsory course for college students, aiming at improving their mental health level; One is the course of mental health education for teachers, which is offered in the form of short-term training and research to improve teachers' teaching level. On the one hand, influenced by negative psychological concepts, the contents of mental health education courses for ordinary college students mainly focus on imparting basic knowledge of mental health and identifying and adjusting psychological problems, so as to improve the mental health quality of college students mainly by identifying, guiding and correcting psychological problems. In May of 20 1 1, the general office of the Ministry of Education issued the Basic Requirements for the Teaching of College Students' Mental Health Education, which stipulated that the teaching content of college students' mental health education in China was divided into three parts, namely, understanding the basic knowledge of mental health (three chapters in total), understanding and developing themselves (two chapters in total) and improving their self-psychological adjustment ability (seven chapters in total).
Among them, improving self-regulation ability is the main part, accounting for 58.3% of the whole teaching content. This part of the teaching content is mainly problem-oriented, through the analysis and identification of the problem to find out the solution, that is, through the diagnosis of psychological problems or disease symptoms, to explore the causes of psychological diseases, and put forward ways to alleviate and eliminate psychological diseases. This is a typical curriculum model under the guidance of negative psychological concepts. In addition, the teaching objectives of many chapters of this course are also full of negative psychology.
For example, the teaching goal of the chapter "College Students' Psychological Confusion and Abnormal Psychology" is to let students know the classification characteristics of common psychological problems and mental diseases, and to distinguish the boundaries between self-regulation, psychological counseling and psychotherapy; The chapter "College Students' Self-consciousness and its Cultivation" emphasizes that students should be able to identify the deviation of self-consciousness and its causes, and effectively guide and adjust it; The chapter "College Students' Personality Development and Mental Health" aims to enable students to master the manifestations, causes and adjustment methods of common personality defects and form a sound personality. Wait a minute. It can be seen from the above that improving the psychological quality of college students by solving psychological problems is the main teaching goal of mental health education courses in colleges and universities, which fully embodies negative psychology. Question? As a center, the focus of attention is mainly on the treatment and repair of negative characteristics such as human injuries, weaknesses and defects. In addition, many compulsory courses in the curriculum system of mental health education in colleges and universities also have negative psychological tendencies.
For example, the self-taught courses for undergraduates majoring in mental health education in South China Normal University for provincial examiners include abnormal psychology, psychotherapy and clinical psychology. And the related courses of positive psychology are not among them. On the other hand, the standardized training textbooks for the backbone teachers of college students' mental health education in China mainly include five books: Basic Psychology, Mental Health, Abnormal Psychology, Psychological Assessment and Counseling Psychology. These five textbooks mainly focus on two major contents. One is based on basic theoretical knowledge, such as basic psychology and mental hygiene. The second is to identify and treat psychological problems or obstacles, such as abnormal psychology and psychological counseling. Psychological assessment is a reference book to quantify mental health indicators, and the scale mainly measures psychological problems and obstacles. It can be seen that the content of teaching materials for teacher training is still based on? Question? It is the knowledge and skills of negative psychology, not the relevant content of positive psychology.
(3) Psychological counseling.
The influence of negative psychology on psychological counseling in colleges and universities is mainly reflected in four aspects: the object, therapy, counseling process and counseling goal. In terms of clients, the clients of psychological counseling services in colleges and universities are mainly abnormal college students with psychological problems or diseases. Although most colleges and universities also do a certain amount of group consultation, the proportion is too small compared with the total number of students. Take the author's ordinary undergraduate college as an example. Except for individual psychological counseling, group psychological counseling is only conducted for students with serious psychological problems after the mental health survey of freshmen, and the number is less than 1% of all students. Psychoanalytic therapy and behavioral therapy are two major therapies of psychological counseling, and their theoretical basis is Freud's psychoanalytic theory and Watson's behaviorism theory, which are typical representatives of negative psychology. In terms of consultation process, the common practices in colleges and universities mainly include initial reception, psychological diagnosis, determination of consultation scheme, psychological consultation and end of consultation. The consultation process is very similar to the disease treatment process, which reflects the negative psychology? Pathological pattern? The characteristics of.
At present, most colleges and universities mainly focus on solving college students' psychological problems and obstacles, ignoring the guidance of their positive psychological development and the discovery, excavation and application of their psychological advantages and potentials. From the four dimensions of object, therapy, consultation process and consultation goal, we can see that psychological consultation in colleges and universities is basically based on negative psychology. Question? For the center of pathological model, it is deeply influenced by negative psychology. The mental health education of college students with negative tendencies has played a positive role in the initial stage of the development of mental health education in China, but it is difficult to achieve it in building a well-off society in an all-round way. Chinese dream? In the new era, it can no longer meet the requirements of college students' mental health development. Positive psychology, with its positive value concept, points out the direction for the reform of college students' mental health education in China and injects new vitality. In view of this, the author suggests changing the negative value orientation of college students' mental health education, paying more attention to and developing the positive psychological factors of college students, taking into account the negative psychological factors, and promoting the positive turn of college students' mental health education.
Second, the positive turn of college students' mental health education in China
Guided by the concept of positive psychology, based on the negative problems existing in the current mental health education of college students in China, we should promote the positive turn of college students' mental health education from the following three aspects.
(A) establish the educational goal of a happy life
Pursuing happiness is the eternal theme of mankind. The goal of positive psychology is to study happiness. Happiness here is not a smiling face, nor is it a temporary feeling. It refers to the richness and abundance of life, which consists of five elements: positive emotion, input, meaning and purpose, positive interpersonal relationship and positive success. It is the best state of life, and the main measure is the abundance and prosperity of life. Improving the prosperity of individuals and all people in the world is the ultimate goal pursued by positive psychology. The mental health education of college students under the guidance of positive psychology adheres to the concept and value pursuit of positive psychology, and its ultimate goal should be to let college students have a rich and happy life. Its task should be to increase positive emotions, mold positive personality, tap psychological potential, pursue happiness, discover happiness, create happiness and share happiness, and keep life in the best state. As educator ushinski said? There is no doubt that the main purpose of education is to make students happy, and this kind of happiness cannot be sacrificed for any irrelevant interests. ?
(B) to create positive psychological quality education content
The content of mental health education is the concretization of its goal, which directly serves the realization of the goal of mental health education. The goal of positive mental health education is to make college students have a happy life, and the educational content under the guidance of this goal should focus on cultivating college students' positive psychological quality. Positive psychological quality is the core element of positive personality, and cultivating positive psychological quality is the key link to shape positive personality, which not only helps to increase positive experience, but also is an important way to live a colorful life. Seligman, the pioneer of positive psychology, clearly pointed out? The goal of positive psychology is to realize the transformation from negative psychology to positive psychology mode, and to realize the transformation from repairing mental illness to constructing people's positive quality.
In order to realize this change, psychology must introduce the construction of human positive quality to the forefront of the treatment and prevention of mental illness. ? Therefore, the content of college students' mental health education should focus on cultivating college students' positive psychological quality, mainly focusing on positive emotions, dedication and dedication, the meaning of life, positive interpersonal relationships and success. Under the guidance of the negative thoughts of traditional mainstream psychology, traditional college students' mental health education mainly focuses on the cognition, self-knowledge and development of basic knowledge, the identification and adjustment of psychological problems, and mainly improves college students' psychological quality and mental health level by solving psychological problems; Under the guidance of the positive concept of positive psychology, the psychological health education of college students oriented by positive psychology mainly focuses on the cognition and development of positive psychological quality, which can increase the richness and prosperity of college students' lives mainly by stimulating positive emotions, cultivating positive psychological quality and shaping positive personality.
(C) ways and means to enrich the positive psychological experience
Ways and methods are the key factors to implement the content of active mental health education for college students and achieve its goal. The complexity of the formation of positive psychological quality determines that the applicable methods of positive mental health education should be characterized by enriching and deepening positive psychological experience. The first is to develop the curriculum system of positive psychology. The mental health education guided by positive psychology aims to cultivate and improve all college students' positive psychological quality and strength, so that they can have a happy life. The course of active mental health education has the characteristics of great benefits and high efficiency in imparting knowledge, which can accomplish this task well.
Therefore, the development of the curriculum system of positive psychology is an important guarantee for the psychological health education of college students oriented by positive psychology. The content of the curriculum system should be oriented to all students, guided by positive psychology, centered on developing college students' positive psychological quality and shaping their positive personality, and carried out in stages and at different levels. In teaching methods, we should strengthen the participation, interaction and experience of the class, so as to enhance the attraction and appeal of the course, increase students' emotional experience and realize the educational and teaching effect of the course. The second is to promote positive mental health counseling. Psychological consultation is an important way of mental health education for college students. Traditional psychological counseling has played a certain role in eliminating or alleviating college students' psychological diseases and reducing the occurrence of psychological crisis, but compared with positive psychological counseling, it is more negative and is not conducive to the formation of college students' positive psychological quality.
For example, from the point of view of mental health, traditional psychological counseling believes that no mental illness is equal to mental health; Positive psychological counseling believes that a mentally healthy person should not only see whether he has mental illness, but also see whether he often experiences positive emotions and whether he has happiness. Different views on mental health have different counseling objectives: traditional counseling aims at eliminating or alleviating mental illness and having a normal life; Positive psychological counseling aims to increase happiness, cultivate positive qualities and have a rich life. Studies have proved that active psychological counseling and treatment have obvious effects on the relief and improvement of depression.
To carry out positive psychological counseling, we should establish a positive mental health concept. By establishing a positive relationship between counseling and visitors, exploring and applying personality advantages, exploring the meaning of life, striving for more interpersonal support and creating more opportunities for success, visitors can enhance their positive emotions, improve their positive psychological quality, eliminate and alleviate mental illness, and have a happy and prosperous life. In a word, in order to better promote the effective development of college students' mental health education, we should put the positive psychological concept throughout the whole process of education, establish the educational goal of a happy life, create the educational content of positive psychological quality, enrich the ways and means of positive psychological experience, and let college students live a rich and happy life.
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