I. Introduction to Theory
1. Pavlov's Classic Experiment: Classical conditioned reflex experiment (bell ringing experiment for dogs to eat) Pavlov found that dogs will secrete saliva when they eat, which is a natural physiological reaction without learning. This reaction is called unconditional reflex, and the stimulus that causes this reaction is food. This stimulus is called unconditional stimulus. If the bell rings every time the dog eats, after a while, the dog will salivate as long as he hears the bell. This is because the bell, as a neutral stimulus, is connected with unconditional stimulus and becomes a conditional stimulus, and the saliva secretion caused by it is a conditioned reflex, which is later called:? Classical conditioning? .
2. Conditioned reflex
Reflection is the basic way of nervous system activity, and it is a regular response of the body to internal and external stimuli through the nervous system. Reflection is generally divided into two categories: unconditional reflection and conditional reflection.
A. Unconditional reflex: It is a reflex inherited by humans and animals, which can be learned without learning, also called instinct. (For example: hand retraction reflex, sucking reflex, knee jerk reflex, blink reflex, tears in the wind)
B. conditioned reflex: it is a kind of reflex that people and animals get after learning.
B 1。 The first signal system: refers to the specific conditional stimuli that directly act on the senses, such as sound, light, taste, electricity and other specific stimuli. The conditioned reflex system established by concrete things and their attributes as conditioned stimuli is called the first signal system. (For example, people cry when they look at white clothes, dogs drool when they listen to the bell, and people and animals have the first signal system)
B2。 The second signal system refers to the language and characters used by human beings, which is an abstract signal, and the functional system of the cerebral cortex responding to the second signal is the second signal system. (Language can be divided into the following categories: spoken language: for example, talking about a tiger turns pale, written language: for example, drivers step on the brakes when they see a slowdown, internal language: for example, candidates are anxious at the thought of exams, symbolic language: for example, we know whether to go to the men's toilet or the women's toilet when we see the toilet sign. Stop when you see a red light.
3. The basic law of classical conditioned reflex
(1) gain and attenuation
The acquisition of conditioned reflex refers to the process of matching conditioned stimulus (such as bell) with unconditional stimulus (such as food) repeatedly, so that conditioned stimulus can obtain signal meaning, that is, the process of establishing conditioned reflex. For example, the dog has stimulated the bell with food, making the dog drool from the original bell. The regression of conditioned reflex means that after conditioned reflex is formed, if conditioned stimulus is repeated many times without unconditional stimulus, conditioned response will become weaker and weaker and eventually disappear. Ring the bell for the dog all the time, but no food. Dogs drool from the first bell, but their drooling won't fade.
(2) Stimulate generalization and differentiation
Stimulation generalization means that once people and animals learn to make conditioned responses to specific conditioned stimuli, other stimuli similar to conditioned stimuli can also induce their conditioned responses.
For example, an experimental animal learns to salivate at a high pitch, and a slightly lower pitch will also induce his secretory reaction. Children bitten by big dogs may feel scared when they see very small dogs. The strength of generalized conditioned response depends on the similarity between the new stimulus and the original conditioned stimulus. After learning English, it is easier to learn German than foreigners who don't know English. This is because some elements of English play a generalization role in learning German. (Summary: indistinguishable)
Stimulation differentiation refers to making organisms learn to respond differently to conditioned stimuli and stimuli similar to conditioned stimuli through selective reinforcement and regression.
For example, in Pavlov's experimental study, in order to enable dogs to distinguish between circular and elliptical apertures. The experimenter only gave unconditional stimulation when the circular aperture appeared, but did not give reinforcement when the elliptical aperture appeared. After a period of training, dogs can learn to respond only to circular apertures and ignore elliptical apertures. In the actual process of education and teaching, it is often necessary to distinguish stimulation, such as guiding students to distinguish between courage and recklessness, humility and retreat, and asking students to distinguish between gravity and pressure, quality and weight. (distinction: distinction)
Stimulation generalization and differentiation are complementary learning processes. Generalization is a response to the similarity of things, and differentiation is a response to the difference of things. Generalization can make our learning move from one situation to another, while differentiation can make us respond to different situations appropriately, thus avoiding ineffective and blind actions.
Second, summary
Third, the reproduction of the test questions.
1. If you want to establish some kind of conditioned reflex, the following statement is wrong ().
A. presenting neutral stimulus and unconditional stimulus at the same time
B, first present neutral stimulus, and then present conditional stimulus.
C, first present unconditional stimulus, and then present neutral stimulus.
D, first present neutral stimulus, and then present unconditional stimulus.
2. answer C. analysis: this question examines the relevant content of conditioned reflex. The law of acquisition refers to the process of establishing conditional actions through repeated matching of conditional stimuli and unconditional stimuli, so that subjects can learn to respond to conditional stimuli. On the one hand, conditioned stimulus and unconditional stimulus must be presented at the same time or almost at the same time, and it is difficult to establish contact when the interval is too long; On the other hand, conditioned stimulus, as a signal of unconditional stimulus, must be presented before unconditional stimulus, otherwise it is difficult to establish contact. Therefore, options a and d are correct. Option c is wrong.
After the formation of conditioned reflex, conditioned stimulus can induce the body's response like unconditional stimulus, and the process of conditioned reflex from one conditioned stimulus to another neutral stimulus establishes a secondary conditioned reflex. Therefore, item B is correct.
So the wrong option is C.
2. Honghong was bitten by a black dog when he was a child. Later, when she saw black animals, she felt particularly scared. The performance of red shows that she has stimulated the black dog.
A. Strengthen B. Differentiate C. Generalize D. Dilute
2. Answer C. Analysis: This question examines Pavlov's classical conditioning theory.
Option A reinforcement refers to an operation, and the function of reinforcement is to change the probability of similar reactions in the future.
The differentiation of option B means that organisms learn to respond differently to conditioned stimuli and stimuli similar to conditioned stimuli through selective reinforcement and regression.
The generalization of option C means that once people and animals learn to make conditioned responses to specific conditioned stimuli, other stimuli similar to conditioned stimuli can also induce their conditioned responses.
The regression of option d means that the organism has made a response that has been strengthened before. If this reaction is not strengthened afterwards, the probability of this reaction will be reduced in the future.
After being bitten by a black dog, the red color in the stalk will be afraid of similar black animals, which reflects the generalization, so this question chooses C.
3. Dogs initially react to circles and ellipses the same, but after training, they only react to circles, which are all conditioned reflex ().
A. get B. dilute C. generalize D. distinguish
3. Answer D. Analysis: This question examines Pavlov's classical conditioning theory. Stimulation differentiation refers to making organisms learn to respond differently to conditioned stimuli and stimuli similar to conditioned stimuli through selective reinforcement and regression. In the stem of the question, dogs react differently to circles and ellipses, which is a process of differentiation, so choose item D of this question.
Option A, the acquisition of conditioned reflex refers to the process of matching conditioned stimulus (such as bell) with unconditional stimulus (such as food) repeatedly, so that conditioned stimulus can obtain signal meaning, that is, the process of establishing conditioned reflex. The process of obtaining conditioned reflex is not reflected in the stem, so option A is wrong.
Option b, the regression of conditioned reflex means that after conditioned reflex is formed, if there is no unconditional stimulus, conditioned stimulus will appear repeatedly, and conditioned response will become weaker and weaker and eventually disappear. The process of conditioned reflex fading is not reflected in the stem, so option B is wrong.
Option C, stimulus generalization means that once people and animals learn to make conditioned responses to specific conditioned stimuli, other stimuli similar to conditioned stimuli can also induce their conditioned responses. The description of the stem is that the reaction force of circle and ellipse is different, so option C is wrong.
To sum up, ABC three items do not meet the meaning of the question, so the answer to this question is D.
The above is a summary of relevant knowledge points of Pavlov's classical conditioned reflex theory. Candidates can master their knowledge points skillfully by combining the above explanations in the process of preparing for the teacher recruitment exam.
Finally, I hope to help candidates prepare for the exam again!
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