To annotate ...
(1) Youzi: Confucius' student, surnamed You, whose name is Ruo, is 13 years younger than Confucius and 33 years younger. The latter is more credible. In the Analects of Confucius, the recorded Confucius students are generally called "Zi", and only Zeng Shen and You Ruo are called "Zi". So many people think that The Analects of Confucius was written by Zeng Shen and You Ruo.
(2) Filial piety: filial piety is the correct attitude of children towards their parents during the slave society; Brother, the pronunciaTion and meaning are the same as "ti", which is the correct attitude of brother to brother. Filial piety and younger brother are two basic moral norms specially advocated by Confucius and Confucianism. The old note says: parents are filial when they do good, and brothers are brothers when they do good.
(3) Attack: attack, attack, attack. Up, refers to the person in the upper position.
(4) fresh: sound Xi m: n, less meaning. This is how the word "fresh" is used in The Analects of Confucius.
(5) Nothing is also: This is the inverted sentence type of "Nothing is also". There is a rule in the syntax of ancient Chinese. If the object of a negative sentence is a pronoun, it usually comes before the verb.
(6) Service: service, dedication and commitment. Ben is not at all.
(7) Tao: In China's ancient thoughts, Tao has many meanings. The Tao here refers to the benevolence advocated by Confucius, that is, the whole moral thought system with benevolence as the core and its embodiment in real life. Simply put, it is the basic principle of governing the country and being a man.
(8) Benevolence: Benevolence is the highest category of Confucius' philosophy and a moral principle. Being the foundation of benevolence is the foundation of filial piety. Another explanation is that the word "benevolence" in ancient times is the word "human", and the foundation of benevolence is the basis of being a man.
translate
A son said, "People seldom show filial piety to their parents, obey their brothers and like to offend the upper rulers." . I don't like to offend the upper rulers, but there are no people who like to rebel. When a gentleman is committed to the fundamental things, the truth of governing the country and being a man is established. Filial piety is the essence of benevolence! "
Comment and analysis
Some people think that people can be filial to their parents and brothers at home, so they can serve the country faithfully outside, with filial piety as the premise and filial piety as the purpose. Confucianism believes that filial piety at home, there will be no "offence and insurrection" within the rulers; If filial piety is extended to the working people, the people will absolutely obey, not rebel, thus maintaining the stability of the country and society.
Filial piety mentioned here is the foundation of benevolence, which is very important for readers to understand Confucius' philosophy and ethical thought with benevolence as the core. During the Spring and Autumn Period, the Zhou Emperor adopted the eldest son inheritance system, and the other concubines were enfeoffed as princes, and so were the subsequent princes. The political structure of the whole society, from emperors to princes to doctors, is based on the feudal patriarchal blood relationship, and the theory of filial piety and filial piety reflects the moral requirements of the patriarchal society at that time.
Filial piety is directly related to social stability. Confucius saw this, so all his thoughts were based on it. He explained that filial piety is the fundamental truth of benevolence from the point that filial piety will not happen. Since the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, feudal rulers and scholars of all dynasties have inherited Confucius' theory of filial piety and advocated "ruling the world with filial piety". The Han Dynasty is an obvious example. They regarded moral education as an important means to implement feudal rule, and imprisoned the common people in the shackles of Confucian orthodoxy and ethics, which had a great influence on the common people's moral concepts and behaviors, and also had a far-reaching impact on the whole traditional culture of China. The theory of filial piety serves feudal rule and patriarchal clan system. We should have a clear understanding, analysis and judgment, abandon feudal toxin, inherit its reasonable content, and give full play to the due role of morality in social stability.
Confucius said, "Disciples (1) are filial when they enter (2) and young when they leave (3). They are sincere (4) and believe that they love others (5) and they are kind (6). If they have spare capacity (7), they will study literature (8). "
To annotate ...
Disciple (1): Generally speaking, there are two meanings: one is a younger brother and the other is a son; The second refers to students. Here is a kind of "disciple"
(2) Entering: In ancient times, father and son lived in different places and studied abroad. "Book of Rites Neize": "From the order of men to the top, father and son are different palaces". Entering is entering the father's palace, that is, entering the father's house or home.
(3) Going out: as opposed to "entering", it means going out to learn from teachers. Being a younger brother means treating teachers with younger brothers, and it can also refer to people older than yourself.
(4) Sincerity: Few people call it sincerity.
(5)□: The sound fàn has the same meaning and a wide range of meanings.
(6) Benevolence: Benevolence means benevolence, and people with benevolence.
(7) spare capacity: that is, having leisure time.
(8) Text: ancient literature. There are mainly cultural knowledge such as poetry, calligraphy, ceremony and music.
translate
Confucius said: "Disciples are filial to their parents; When you are away from home, you should obey your teachers, be cautious in words and deeds, be honest and trustworthy, keep quiet, love everyone widely, and be close to people with kindness. After practicing like this, if you still have spare capacity, you will study literary knowledge again. "
Comment and analysis
Filial piety is mentioned in the second chapter of this paper, and it is mentioned again in this chapter. Confucius asked his disciples to devote themselves to filial piety, faith, love for the masses, kindness, and cultivate good moral concepts and behaviors. If they still have leisure time and spare capacity, they will use it to study ancient books and increase their cultural knowledge. This shows that Confucius' education is centered on moral education, focusing on cultivating students' moral cultivation, and the study of book knowledge is second.
In running a school, Confucius put the cultivation of students' moral concepts in the first place, and cultural learning was only the second. In fact, any class in history, whether it is the slave owner class, the landlord class or the bourgeoisie, education serves its politics, paying special attention to students' moral conduct and political performance, and putting "morality" before "knowledge", which is the need of the class. They just want to train all kinds of talents to meet the requirements of their own class.
Meng (1) asked about filial piety, and Confucius said, "No violation. (2) "(3) Yu (4)" The son told him: "(5) Ask me about filial piety, I will not violate it." Fan Chi said, "What is it?" Confucius said, "People are born with courtesy; When you die, you will be buried and sacrificed. "
To annotate ...
(1) Meng: Doctor Lu, one of the three clans, surnamed He Ji, posthumous title "Yi". His father asked him to learn from Confucius before his death.
(2) No violation: No violation.
(3): Fan, surnamed Chi. A disciple of Confucius, 46 years younger than Confucius. Together with Ran Qiu, he helped Ji Kangzi innovate.
(4) Royal: Control the carriage.
⑤: refers to Meng.
translate
Meng asked what filial piety was, and Confucius said, "Filial piety means not breaking the ceremony." Later, Fan Chi chased Confucius, and Confucius told him: "Sun Meng asked me what filial piety is, and I replied that I should not violate the etiquette." Fan Chi said, "What do you mean by unbreakable ceremony?" Confucius said: "When parents are alive, they should follow the dress; After the death of parents, they should be buried and sacrificed according to the ceremony. "
Comment and analysis
Confucius attached great importance to filial piety and asked people to be filial to their parents whether they were alive or dead. But what is emphasized here is that filial piety cannot violate etiquette rules, otherwise it is not true filial piety. It can be seen that filial piety is not vague and casual, and it must be polite and standardized. Acting according to etiquette is filial piety.
original text
2.6 Meng (1) asked Xiao, and Confucius said, "Parents only care about their own illness (2)."
To annotate ...
(1) Meng: son of Meng, whose name is Bi. Wu is his posthumous title.
(2) Parents only worry about their own illness: their pronouns refer to their parents. Disease, disease.
translate
Meng asked Confucius about filial piety. Confucius said, "Parents should be especially worried about their illness." (This is filial piety. )"
Comment and analysis
This chapter is Confucius' answer to Mencius' son's filial piety. Confucius said that parents only worry about their illness, and there have been three explanations: 1. Parents love their children, but they are also afraid of their children getting sick. Children can understand their parents' feelings and be extra cautious in their daily lives. This is filial piety. 2. As children, parents only need to worry when they are sick, and don't have to worry about other aspects, which shows the parent-child affection of parents. As long as children are worried about their parents' illness, they don't have to worry too much about other aspects. This paper adopts the third statement.
original text
2.7 Ziyou (1) asked about filial piety, and Confucius said, "Those who are filial today can be raised. As for dogs and horses, you can keep (2). If you are disrespectful, why not? "
To annotate ...
(1) Ziyou: Yan, Ziyou, Wu, 45 years younger than Confucius.
(2) raise: sound yàng.
translate
Ziyou asked what filial piety was, and Confucius said, "Today's so-called filial piety only means that it is enough to support parents. However, even dogs and horses can be kept. If you don't care about honoring your parents, what's the difference between supporting your parents and raising dogs and horses? "
Comment and analysis
This article is still about filial piety. There have always been several different explanations for the sentence "As for dogs and horses, both can be kept". First, it is said that dogs can watch the door, and horses and chariots can also serve people; Second, dogs and horses can also be raised by people. This paper adopts the latter statement, which is more appropriate.
original text
2.8 Xia Zi asked about filial piety, and Confucius said, "Color is difficult (1). If something happens, I will handle (2); There is wine and food, sir ③ and ④. Have you ever thought that this is filial piety? "
To annotate ...
(1) color difficulty: color, complexion. Difficult, not easy.
(2) Service: service, participation and responsibility. Service is service.
(3) Mr.: Mr. refers to the elderly or parents; Disciples mentioned above refer to younger generations, children, etc.
(4)zhàn, which means eating, drinking and having fun.
translate
Xia Zi asked what filial piety was, and Confucius said, "The hardest thing is to be kind to parents. It's just something, children need to do it for their parents, and there is wine and food for their parents. Can you think this is filial piety? "
Comment and analysis
The fifth, sixth, seventh and eighth chapters of this article are all about filial piety by Confucius. The filial piety advocated by Confucius is reflected in all aspects and levels, reflecting the needs of the patriarchal clan system and adapting to the needs of the society at that time. A common idea is that we should not only formally serve our parents according to the principle of courtesy, but also truly honor them from the bottom of our hearts.