Brandt * * *? Seeking unity by proximity? The proposal of the New Oriental policy has a special background, and it is a policy adjustment made in line with the international situation at that time and West Germany's own situation. Its connotation is rich and its influence is far-reaching. The new oriental policy deepened the relationship between Germany and Germany and eased the relationship between the United States, the Soviet Union and Gorbachev? New thinking? The formation of the Berlin Wall had an indirect and direct impact on the drastic changes in Eastern Europe, which eventually led to the collapse of the Berlin Wall and the reunification of Germany.
The New Oriental Policy was implemented by German Chancellor Brandt in 1968? Seeking unity by proximity? Is it different from Adenauer's eastern policy? Seeking reunification through confrontation? Therefore, it is called the New Oriental Policy, and its core is to solve the realistic road problem of German reunification. As a major adjustment of West Germany's foreign policy, the New Oriental policy has played an important role in the European situation and German reunification.
First, the proposal of the New Oriental policy.
1949 In September, West Germany was founded, and Adenauer, a member of Christian Union Party, became the first prime minister of West Germany. He actively advocated the reunification of Germany according to the West German model. Adenauer pursues? Tilt to the west? And stick to the policy of "rearming"? Confrontation for reunification? With the support of western allies and the strength of West Germany, Germany's tough policy tried to achieve reunification. How does it view its position in East Germany? The only legal representative of the German people? Do not recognize the legal status of East Germany and the Odense River border between East Germany and Poland formed after the war. In terms of foreign relations, apart from establishing diplomatic relations with the Soviet Union in 1955 in view of the special situation of the Soviet Union, it immediately announced its pursuit? Hallstan? Oppose any country to recognize East Germany, and regard all countries that have established diplomatic relations with East Germany as unfriendly to West Germany and break diplomatic relations with it. For example, in 1957 and 1963, West Germany broke diplomatic relations with Yugoslavia and Cuba. (1) The policy of "leaning to the west" has brought certain benefits to West Germany, promoted its economic revival and made West Germany an independent country. However, West Germany's policy of following the American Cold War and being hostile to the East greatly restricted its diplomatic activities, deepened the opposition between Germany and Germany, and further fixed the division of Germany.
1963, Adenauer took office 14 years later, and 1966, Brandt became the deputy prime minister and foreign minister. What does he think of Adenauer's oriental policy? It is not in the interest of the German nation. Determined to adjust relations with eastern European countries first. So in 1966, he first established diplomatic relations with Romania, resumed diplomatic relations with Yugoslavia in the same year, and began formal exchanges with East Germany. At this point, West Germany's tough eastern policy began to loosen.
The Social Democratic Party won the general election with 1969, and Brandt became the new prime minister. As soon as Brandt came to power, he carried out his early New Oriental policy in an all-round way, including two aspects: strengthening close ties with the western alliance, strengthening understanding with the East, recognizing the status quo of the borders of post-war European countries, and improving and developing relations with the Soviet Union and eastern European countries; Recognize the coexistence of Germany and Germany, and strengthen the ties between East and West Germany, so as to realize the final solution of the German problem. ③
Second, the background of the New Oriental policy
The proposal of the New Oriental policy is closely related to the international situation at that time and the situation of West Germany itself, mainly including the following aspects.
First, after the 1960s, the relationship between the United States and the Soviet Union eased and their respective policies towards Europe and Germany were adjusted. In Europe, the United States and the Soviet Union want to maintain the status quo in Europe in order to safeguard their own vital interests. On the issue of Germany, the United States is also unwilling to confront the Soviet Union directly for the benefit of West Germany, but seeks to reach a compromise with the Soviet Union while maintaining the division of Germany. It is increasingly unrealistic for Adenauer to pin all its hopes on the Western allies to solve the German problem. Only by changing its policy and giving full play to its positive role can West Germany make a difference.
Second, in the 1960s, the tendency of East and West European countries to get rid of the control of the United States and the Soviet Union and seek independence was developing. In 1950s and 1960s, the economies of western European countries recovered and developed rapidly, and their political status was greatly improved. They gradually demanded to get rid of American control and strive for equality with the United States. The establishment of the European Community shows the efforts of western European countries to seek hegemony through unity and self-improvement. The western camp has split. At the same time, events that challenged Soviet hegemony appeared in the eastern camp, such as 1968 Czechoslovakia incident. Prague Spring? . Faced with hegemonism and national egoism, eastern and western countries feel the common situation and the necessity of strengthening mutual contact and cooperation. In the mid-1960s, Europe was generally ready to adopt flexible policies. The changes in the situation in Europe, on the one hand, require West Germany to change its one-sided position and seek its own development, on the other hand, provide opportunities for West Germany to improve its relations with the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe.
Third, the existence and gradual consolidation of East Germany has become an objective fact, and it is the general trend to recognize East Germany. West Germany tried to isolate East Germany internationally? Hallstan? Hit a wall everywhere, can only isolate themselves. Although the recognition of East Germany ostensibly fixed the division between Germany and Germany, it actually helped to overcome the mutual opposition and estrangement between the two countries, inevitably deepened national ties and national identity, and accumulated conditions for the reunification of Germany in the future. Facing the reality, adjusting policies and recognizing East Germany as an inevitable choice for West Germany.
Fourth, the strengthening of West Germany's own strength makes it necessary and possible to adjust its foreign policy. After 20 years of development, post-war West Germany has grown into? Economic giant? In the west, it has become the third largest economy after the United States and Japan. On the one hand, it needs to open up a broader market, and Eastern Europe undoubtedly has great economic benefits. Politically, West Germany also has greater demands and expects to participate in world affairs independently. To this end, it must also change its relations with eastern European countries.
Third, the connotation of the New Oriental policy.
The connotation of the New Oriental policy is very rich, mainly including the following three aspects:
First, seek transformation by approaching, and achieve the goal of integrating the West and the East through evolution. Unlike Adenauer's policy of following the cold war of the United States and being hostile to the East, the New Oriental policy is a circuitous easing policy. Brandt believes that it is impossible to realize the reunification of Germany in the state of mutual hostility and isolation between East and West. Therefore, West Germany reached a settlement with the East by acknowledging the reality, so as to solve the German problem in the whole European peace system. This is actually a kind of? Peaceful evolution? On the surface, the policy is to recognize the status quo and the state of division. In fact, it is to take a detour and achieve the goal of unifying things.
Second, the implementation of the New Oriental policy was achieved by signing a series of treaties with the Soviet Union and Eastern European countries. From 1970 to 1973, after many hard negotiations and major concessions, West Germany signed a series of treaties with the Soviet Union, Eastern Europe and East Germany. Including 1970 Moscow Treaty signed with the Soviet Union,197/kloc-0 Warsaw Treaty signed with Poland in September, 1972 February Basic Treaty on German Relations, 1973 February Jed Treaty. Among them, the Moscow Treaty is the basis of the New Oriental policy, paving the way for negotiations between West Germany and other Eastern European countries. Through the above-mentioned treaties, Brandt realized the improvement of relations with the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe, and the deadlock between West Germany and the East formed since the Cold War was finally broken. On the basis of these treaties, West Germany after Brandt took more practical actions in politics, economy and culture.
Third, the New Oriental policy takes into account the interests of both eastern and western groups. Adenauer * * * blindly accommodated the West, which caused the embarrassing situation of West Germany's diplomacy. The New Oriental policy is not a policy of seeking a balance between East and West. Based on the West, it emphasizes that West Germany is still a member of the West and deals with the East on the basis of strengthening its alliance with the West.
Fourthly, the important role of the New Oriental policy in German unification.
The New Oriental Policy was the first major adjustment of West Germany's foreign policy, which improved the relationship between the East and the West, promoted the relaxation of Europe, raised the international political status of West Germany, and played an irreplaceable role in the reunification of Germany.
First of all, the implementation of the New Oriental policy normalized the relations between West Germany and the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe, especially the ice between Germany was broken, which opened the floodgate for the exchanges between Germany and Germany. The close contact between Germany and Germany injected spiritual belief into the reunification of Germany, and started with the implementation of the New Oriental policy, which potentially accumulated strength for the reunification of Germany. 1974 After Brandt resigned as prime minister, the successor behind the New Oriental policy continued. Seeking unity by proximity? Our policy has not changed in essence. During Schmidt's administration, he pursued the principle of developing relations with both the West and the East? Dual track policy? Regarding the East Germany policy, we should pay attention to developing substantive relations, expanding economic cooperation and increasing personnel exchanges in order to maintain? National common sense? . ④
1982 After Kohl came to power, he inherited and developed Schmidt's policy of attaching equal importance to East and West, and made clear the position of German reunification on many occasions.
Second, the New Oriental policy also affected Gorbachev? New thinking? Its formation has had an indirect and direct impact. Using its economic, technological and geographical advantages, West Germany deepened the dependence of Soviet economy on Western European economy. After the mid-1980s, the Soviet economy began to decline continuously. After Gorbachev took office, he carried out the reform of transforming into a market economy, but the direction of the reform became more and more misplaced. New thinking? Abandoning the basic theory of Marxism eventually led to the total collapse of socialism in Europe, and the historical opportunity of German reunification finally came.
Finally, the New Oriental policy played a direct role in promoting the drastic changes in Eastern Europe, which made East Germany stand out in the drastic changes, the situation was turbulent, and a large number of citizens left West Germany, which eventually led to the collapse of the Berlin Wall and the reunification of Germany. With the implementation of the New Oriental Policy, the economic ties between West Germany and Eastern European countries have become increasingly close, and cultural, educational and personnel exchanges have become increasingly frequent. Due to its geographical advantages, West Germany has become the most influential country in Eastern Europe among western countries. In western countries? Peaceful evolution? Under the offensive of policy and influenced by Gorbachev's new thinking, Eastern Europe changed dramatically. A large number of citizens of Germany and Germany fled West Germany by bypassing Hungary and Czechoslovakia, forcing East Germany to open the Berlin Wall and the German-German border. The German people's longing for reunification for many years has become a realistic requirement. West Germany seized this historical opportunity and lost no time in proposing German reunification? Ten o'clock plan? The United Socialist Party for Democracy and People finally gave up the socialist choice and lost in the free election. 1990 10 In June, Germany was reunited after 45 years of division after World War II.
To sum up, the New Oriental policy is not only the product of the development of post-war European and international situations, but also the inevitable choice of the Federal Republic of Germany's own diplomatic development and its great diplomatic changes. Its introduction and implementation have had an important impact on Europe and even the whole international situation, and more importantly, it has accumulated conditions for the reunification of Germany. No Brandt? Seeking unity by proximity? Long-term goal, there will be no 1989 strong wave of German reunification, and there will be no reunification of Cole? Ten o'clock plan? The introduction and unification of Germany. The implementation of Brandt's New Oriental Policy, at the critical moment when the United States and the Soviet Union insisted on making Germany's division permanent, sought the realistic road of Germany's future reunification and laid the foundation for Germany's reunification.
To annotate ...
① ② ④ Gao Deping. Berlin Wall and East Germany, World Knowledge Publishing House, 1992, P 12, P 13.
③ World Knowledge Publishing House: Unification of Germany, World Knowledge Publishing House, 1992, P 127.
refer to
[1] Gao Deping. Berlin Wall and East Germany, World Knowledge Publishing House, 1992.
[2] World Knowledge Publishing House: "German Unification", World Knowledge Publishing House, 1992.
[3] Luo Yu. Analysis of New Oriental Policy, Journal of Xiangtan University,1995,3.
[4] Zhang Yanwei. Comparison and Enlightenment of Adenauer's and Brandt's Policies of Unifying Germany, Change, No.2, 2007.
[5] Wang. Review on the unification model of Germany and Germany, Shandong Social Sciences, May 2004.
[6] Huang Zhengbai. On the unification efforts of West Germany, Journal of Huazhong Normal University,1998,5.
[7] He Linshu. Willie, who is committed to national unity. Brandt and his New Oriental Policy, Journal of Dandong Textile Institute, September 2000.
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[8] Wang Zhe. Brandt's New Oriental Policy and German Unification, Journal of Henan Normal University, March 2002.