Dongyi is the collective name of people of all ethnic groups living in the east of China in ancient times, and it is the backbone of the Han nationality. Book of Rites: "Foreigners are welcome in the East." Dongyi in pre-Qin literature refers to those non-Huaxia countries and tribes in Shandong Province and north of Huaihe River, that is, they are distributed in Shandong, northern Jiangsu, Huaibei, eastern Henan, eastern Hebei and Liaodong. Their ancestors were Taiti and Shaoti, and they coexisted with Yanhuang tribe. Dongyi Group has a long history and developed culture, which is the source of Longfeng culture. After long-term integration with Yanhuang Group, the Chinese nation and civilization have been formed together. 1, during the Yanhuang period, Chiyou, who fought against the Yellow Emperor in Zhuolu, was from Dongyi; 2. Yao Zhonghua, a famous native of Shun Di, is also a native of Dongyi. My hometown is Heze, Shandong, and Yao is Dongyi's surname; 3. Shun Zen was given to Yu, whose wife was the daughter of Tu Shanshi, a descendant of Chiyou, and Yu personally recruited Sanmiao; 4. Qi, the son of Yu, competed for the throne with Boyi, a native of Dongyi, and Qi won, launching a "battle to kill his mother" to attack Dongyi, a matriarchal clan; 5. Houyi, a descendant of Dongyi, succeeded Taikang, the son of Qi State, and once controlled the Central Plains. However, Shao Kang Zhongxing resumed the rule of Huaxia, and the son of Shao Kang personally recruited Dongyi; At the end of the Xia Dynasty, the Shang clan flourished, replacing Xia. (Some historians believe that Shang originated in the northeast, and I think Hongshan Culture is probably related to Shang clan. ) Merchants are a branch of Dongyi; (The Shang people take birds as totems, and Qi is the ancestor of Shang. It is said that his mother swallowed bird eggs and gave birth to him. ) Shang conquered Dongyi for a long time, and the last king Zhou Wang fought against Dongyi many times, which seriously weakened his own strength, which was one of the reasons why Shang died. Jiang Shang, who assisted King Wu, was also a native of Dongyi. Lu Chunqiu's Timing called Jiang Shang "a scholar of Dongyi". 9 Zhou Wuwang died shortly after he ascended the throne, and Duke Zhou came to power. Later, Wu Geng, the son of Zhou, joined forces with Dongyi to fight against Zhou, and Duke Zhou personally won, thus stabilizing the new Zhou regime. When 10 arrived, the power center of Dongyi moved to Huaihe River Basin, commonly known as Dongyi, and Xu was the most powerful. "Xu was hit hard by Chu's attack. Until the Spring and Autumn Period, Xu was still a big country in Huaiyi during the Spring and Autumn Period (1 1), and many countries in Shandong, northern Jiangsu and Huaibei were still called Dongyi by the descendants of Liang Hao. Qi's business culture has a strong color. Qi Huangong respected the king and conquered more than 30 countries, most of which were small countries in the East. At the end of the Spring and Autumn Period, Gong Ling of Qi conquered Laiguo (now Yantai and Huangxian, Shandong Province), and the land of Qi more than doubled, which shows that Dongyi people still had considerable strength at that time. 12. The ancestors of Qin people were originally Dongyi tribes who migrated to the lower reaches of the Yellow River. Shortly after the establishment of the Western Zhou Dynasty, they took part in the rebellion of Yin adherents and moved to the western Loess Plateau. The folk customs are strong, and the Jin Goma iron dominates the whole country. 13. During the Warring States Period, people from the Western Zhou Dynasty (a branch of Rongqiang) and Dongyi people exchanged and merged to form the Chinese nation. Dongyi culture has become the main source of China culture. Archaeologically, the Yanhuang group is represented by Yangshao culture, and Dawenkou culture, Longshan culture and Yueshi culture are the representatives of Dongyi culture in the early prehistoric period. Among them, black pottery, jade, battlements, carved pottery pieces and memorial ceremonies all appeared in Longshan culture. Supplement: Shounan, Jiaohe, Juyi, Lanling, Baiyan, Zhangli, Wang Nan and other 12 counties or border counties; Tengxian area will be renamed Jining area; In order to solve the border dispute of Weishan Lake in Su Ru, Weishan County was established. 1954 Linqing city was newly established, and the cities under the jurisdiction of Weifang, Jining, Weihai and Dezhou were upgraded to provincial cities. Zibo's industrial and mining areas were abolished, and Zibo was established at the provincial level. In addition, some borders between Shandong Province and Jiangsu Province and Henan Province have been fine-tuned. 1956 The third major adjustment was made in the early days of the founding of the People's Republic of China, and the three special zones of Wendeng, Jiaozhou and Dezhou were abolished, and Yutai, Changshan, Gaoqing, Putai, Kenli, Changnan, Liaolan, Yinan, Shidao, Puxian, Boping, Fushan, Xuecheng and Lincheng were abolished. After three major adjustments and several minor adjustments in the early days of the People's Republic of China, by the end of 1957, the province had jurisdiction over four prefecture-level cities, namely Jinan, Qingdao, Zibo and Yantai, eight special zones, namely Huimin, Changwei, Laiyang, Linyi, Tai 'an, Jining, Heze and Liaocheng, five county-level cities and 104 counties. Under the influence of the Great Leap Forward and the trend of people's communalization, 1958 merged the administrative divisions of the whole province, covering about one third of the counties in the province. Two special zones, Tai 'an and Heze, were abolished, and Huimin District and Zibo were merged into Zibo, Tai 'an, Boshan, Lijin, Yangxin, Binxian, Qidong, Huantai, Dingtao, Jining, Jiaxiang, Ziyang, Wucheng, Leling, Jiyang, Pingyin, Linqing, Guantao, Yanggu, Shenxian, Dong 'e and Yucheng. County-level island people's commune was established, the suburb of Jinan was abolished, Laiyang area was renamed Yantai area, and the county offices in the province were collectively called "XX Town" instead of "XX People's Commune". It is particularly noteworthy that the Shandong Provincial People's Committee redefined the nature of the agency. In view of the fact that the agency exists in name only (the region has actually become a first-class independent administrative region), it has been re-emphasized that it should truly become an inspector sent by the Provincial Ethnic Affairs Commission, and the agency has been adjusted and streamlined accordingly. By the end of 1958, there were two prefecture-level cities in Jinan and Qingdao, six special zones in Zibo, Changwei, Yantai, Linyi, Jining and Liaocheng, 10 county-level cities and 7/kloc-0 counties. Although some administrative divisions of 1958 have been proved to be reasonable by history and have been stable to this day, on the whole, they are against the inherent laws of administrative divisions, and their irrationality soon emerged. Therefore, starting from 1959, the restoration and adjustment were gradually carried out, and most of the districts and counties that had cancelled the merger were restored. By 1965, the province has jurisdiction over four prefecture-level cities, namely Jinan, Qingdao, Zibo and Zaozhuang, nine special zones, namely Dezhou, Huimin, Changwei, Yantai, Linyi, Taian, Jining, Heze and Liaocheng, five county-level cities and 107 counties. During the ten years of the "Cultural Revolution" (1966-1976), there was no major change except that the Shandong Provincial People's Committee was renamed the Shandong Provincial Revolutionary Committee in 1967, and the common name of nine regions including Dezhou was changed to "XX Region". In the early days of reform and opening-up, only some restorative adjustments were made, such as renaming the Revolutionary Committee of Shandong Province to the People's Government of Shandong Province, renaming the Revolutionary Committees of nine regions, including Dezhou, to the administrative office of XX region, and renaming the party and government offices of 9 1 county in the province to XX town. In addition, there are some changes such as changing the affiliation and changing the local proper name (Changwei area was originally named Weifang area). In the past, the dividing line between counties has never been comprehensively and carefully defined scientifically, and there is no boundary line with strict legal effect. Using the customary boundary line formed in history. The administrative division of Shandong Provincial Civil Affairs Department started from 1995, and the border demarcation work was carried out in the whole province according to the deployment of the State Council, which was basically completed in 2000. This is an important symbol of the modernization of administrative division management in Shandong Province, which is a milestone in the history of administrative division in Shandong Province. In the past 20 years of reform and opening up, the most remarkable change has been the gradual establishment of the system of "changing cities into districts and introducing counties from cities". In order to give full play to the central role and radiation role of the city to meet the requirements of accelerating socialist modernization, since the early 1980s, it has entered a new stage of urban system construction. By the end of 2000, all the original nine regions in the province had been changed to prefecture-level cities, and the number of Dongying, Weihai, Rizhao and Laiwu at the regional level had increased one after another. Jinan and Qingdao were identified as sub-provincial cities. Taian county, Xinwen (later merged with Xintai to form xintai city), Jining, Fushan, wei county, Liaocheng, Linqing, Linyi, Heze, Laiwu, Xintai, Rizhao, Yidu, Qufu, Huangxian, Jiaoxian, Laiyang, Binxian and Licheng. So far, the province has jurisdiction over 17 prefecture-level cities and 139 county-level units, including Jinan, Qingdao, Zibo, Zaozhuang, Dongying, Yantai, Weifang, Jining, Taian, Weihai, Rizhao, Laiwu, Linyi, Dezhou, Liaocheng, Binzhou and Heze. Supplement: In the history of Shandong Province, celebrities come forth in large numbers, and the list is endless. During the Spring and Autumn Period, there were: Yan Ying, a doctor of the State of Qi; Confucius, thinker, politician, educator, founder of Confucianism; His student Ceng Zi; Military strategist Sun Wu; Warring States period: famous doctor Bian Que; Philosopher Zisi; Mo Zhai, thinker, politician and founder of Mohism: Lu Ban, a builder; Qiu Yi, a famous Weiqi player; Military strategist Sun Bin; Mencius, thinker, politician and educator; Thinker _ Liang Chi; There were: Chunyu Kun, a medical scientist, and Ti Ying, whose daughter abolished corporal punishment; Hydraulic home _ wide The earliest master student of Shangshu in the Western Han Dynasty; Writer Dong Fangshuo; Confucian scholar Kuang Heng; Writer Wei Xuancheng; Agronomist Yan Shengzhi; Writer Kong Rong; Confucian scholar Zheng Xuan; Philosopher Zhong Changtong; Writer RoyceWong; Writer Liu Zhen; Astronomer Liu Hong; ; During the Three Kingdoms period, there were: Zhuge Liang, a politician and strategist; Confucian classics, exegetics, Zheng Xuan * * * Sun Yan; Jin Dynasty includes: mathematician Zhang Qiujian; Writer yang hu; Metaphysical scholar Wang Bi; Writer Zuo Si; Calligrapher Wang Xizhi; Southern and Northern Dynasties: He Chengtian, an atheist thinker and astronomer; Poet Yan Yanzhi; Writer Bao Zhao; Liu Xie, critic of literary theory; Writer Wen Zisheng; Writer Wang Ji; Thinker and educator Yan Zhitui; Famous doctor Xu Shuxiang; Medical scientist Wang Shuhe; History has Cui Hong; Agronomist Jia Sixie; In the Sui Dynasty, there were: painter Zhan Ziqian; In the Tang Dynasty, there were: astronomer Cui Shanwei; Poet Chu Guangxi; Writer's paragraph; In the Song Dynasty, there were: scholar Hu Dan; Writer Yu Wang _; Scholar and writer Shi Jie; Medical scientist Qian Yi; Writer Chao; The medical family is unscrupulous; Female poetess Li Qingzhao; Xin Qiji, an anti-Jin hero and famous patriotic poet; The Jin Dynasty has: Zhang Xingjian, a calendar mathematician; Wang Juqing, a water conservationist; Go player Liu Zhongyu; Wang Bizhi, an expert in ancient bridge construction; Painter Zhang Zeduan; Inscriptor Zhao Mingcheng; Painter Kai Liang; Qiu Chuji, one of the seven truths of Taoism Quanzhen Road; Kong Yuancuo, a historian at the end of Jin Dynasty; Party Huai Ying, historian and calligrapher of Jin Dynasty; Poets and scholars are thorough; In the Yuan Dynasty: Du Fu, a famous poet and essayist; Historian and writer Wang Yun; Jia Lu, water conservancy engineer; Writer Yang Huan; Sanqu writer and writer Zhang; Sanqu composer Yang; Opera screenwriter Gao Wenxiu; Wang Zhen, an agronomist and an improver of letterpress printing; Opera writer Kang; Yu Qin, a historical geographer and writer; Dong Yangxing, the annotator of Four Books and Five Classics; In the Ming dynasty, there were: mechanic Wang Zhao; Bai Ying, a folk water conservancy scientist; Writer Xie Zhen; Dramatist Li Kaixian; Feng Weimin, Sanqu composer; Li Panlong, a famous poet and writer; Qi Jiguang, a famous anti-Japanese soldier and strategist; Painter Xing Dong; Scholar Jiao _; Yu, a writer and poet; Sanqu writer Liu Xiaozu; Famous doctor Bi Chenyi; In the Qing dynasty, there were: writer and pharmacist Wang; China traditional opera writer and writer; Famous astronomer and mathematician Xue Fengzuo; Historian Fu Yijian; Economist Zhang Erqi; Poet Song Wan; Historian Ma; Writer Tian Wen; Poet Cao; Historian Zhang; Famous writer Pu Songling; Opera screenwriter Kong; Calligraphy and painter Pan Wuyun; Poet Zhao Zhixin; Calligraphy and painting seal cutting is high; Medical scientist Huang Yuanyu; Calligrapher Liu Yong; Li Wenzao, a local historian; Scholar Kong; Confucian scholar Kong Ji _; Scholar Kong; Hao Yixing, economist and exegetist; Feng Qi, a famous folk Chinese medicine practitioner; Wang You, a philologist; Han Xu, a famous stele engraver, collator and calligrapher; Li Zuoxian, a literary collector and ancient numismatist; Inscriptor Chen Jieqi; Medical scientist Cai Yuxi; Educator Wu Xun; Famous epigraphy writer and discoverer of Oracle Bone Inscriptions Wang: artist Sun Zhongxin; Yang Yizeng, a bibliographer; Ma Guohan, a famous scholar and ancient book editor; Inscriptor Wu Shifen; Famous acupuncturist Yang Zuozhi; Ding Shoucun, an expert in weapons manufacturing; Famous doctor Zang Zhanying; Historian and calligrapher Wu Xunyuan. Supplement: The Pleistocene "Yiyuan Man" fossil found in Yiyuan County is one of the examples of Homo erectus in China. In addition, the Stone Age civilizations excavated in Shandong Province include the Northern New Culture in 7300-6 100 BC, Dawenkou Culture and Longshan Culture in 4300-2500 BC. The earlier excavation of Chinese characters can be traced back to the pottery fragments of Longshan culture in Shandong Province. Question: What happened to 19 19? Answer: Introduction:1914 On August 23rd, Japan declared war on Germany. After more than 70 days of fierce fighting, it completely occupied JIAOZHOU Bay, the German concession, on June 7th. 19 15 1 October, Japan proposed 21 articles to China, and the Beiyang government accepted most of them on May 9th. 1917 August 14, the Beijing government under the control of Duan declared war on Germany and became a participating country in the First World War. 19 18 At the beginning of this year, Japan provided a large amount of loans to the Beijing government and helped to form and equip an China army. The loan is also used for the huge bribery expenses of Anfu Congress. The Chinese side was headed by Cao Rulin, then the chief financial officer. On September 24th of the same year, Zhang Zongxiang, Minister in Japan, and Goto, Japanese Foreign Minister, exchanged the Sino-Japanese War Loan Contract as one of the conditions for borrowing, and exchanged an exchange of notes on the Shandong issue (also known as the Sino-Japanese Secret Treaty). The main content was: 1, "Except Jinan, all Japanese troops along the Ji Jiao Railway were mobilized in Qingdao." 2. About the safety along the Ji Jiao Railway: The Japanese army retreated and was replaced by a patrol commanded by the Japanese army. Ji Jiao Railway will be jointly operated by China and Japan. In the exchange of letters, the Beijing government "readily agreed" to Japan's proposal. This exchange of letters became an excuse for Japan to occupy Shandong at the Paris Peace Conference. Members of the China delegation, one of the victors, attended the Paris Peace Conference. At the meeting, the Japanese government demanded to take over all the rights and interests of the defeated German in Shandong, China as the victorious country. Gu Weijun, the soul of the delegation, prepared a commentary on Shandong, urging Chen Zhong not to give up Shandong, the birthplace of Confucius, just as Christians cannot give up the holy land of Jerusalem, which shocked the representatives of Europe and the United States, reversed the form of public opinion and won the sympathy of the powers. Later, due to Italy's withdrawal from the Peace Conference, Britain, France and the United States were afraid that Japan's withdrawal threat would take effect and the Peace Conference would be aborted, so they ceded Germany's Shandong right to Japan at Japan's request. At this time, Lu Zhengxiang, head of the China delegation, left Paris. Therefore, Gu Weijun actually temporarily assumed the functions and powers of the head. Under his auspices, the China delegation refused to sign the Treaty of Versailles. It was not until the 1922 Washington Conference that the United States signed a cold case treaty to solve the Shandong issue. Japan returned the Shandong and Ji Jiao railways to China, and China opened the local area as a commercial port, and provided some rights and interests for Japanese expatriates.