Tan Han, a famous scholar, wrote Yang Mo during the reign of Kangxi, aiming at opening Buddha, but it began with Yang Mo. He pointed out: "At the beginning of Buddhism, if you don't love your body to help all sentient beings, it will be ink." "In the way of Yang Mo, fatherless is not true, and he said it would harm you, so you can be fatherless. Mencius feared that his disaster would never end. After learning Buddhism, I dare to speak out, so that Da Lun has no regrets. " Tan Han was the first person to associate Mohism with Buddhism.
Bi Yuan, a famous scholar in Qianlong period, made great contributions to Mohism. He was the first person to annotate the whole book Mozi (later detailed) and the first person to publicly defend Mozi in Qing Dynasty. His comment on Mozi said: "The world's ridicule of Mozi is based on its burial, not Confucianism. Mohism regards festival burial as the summer method, which is especially non-Zhou and used by Confucianism. Non-Confucian and Mohist disciples made mistakes in respecting their teachers. It is also true that he called Confucius' taboo and slander. His situation is also called Confucius and Zhong Ni, and he thinks that Confucius' words are also appropriate and not easy, so they are true. "It is certain that Han Yu's so-called debate between Confucianism and Mohism was born at the end of his studies, and it is not a dichotomy. Mozi said that "when in Rome, do as the Romans do, you must choose one's profession and engage in it", "It's also difficult to discuss" and "prepare the city gate", "all these are the words of ancient military strategists and practical". Some people think that several books in Mozi were written by Mo Zhai, and most of them were recorded and heard by the male host. These opinions are all fair.
Sun Xingyan, Bi Yuan's good friend, made a post-narration for Notes on Mozi, further demonstrating that the Mohist school, out of the Xia ceremony, thrifty burial and frugality, and knowing that ghosts love everything is Dayu's legacy. "Confucius was born in Zhou, so he respected the ceremony, so he didn't need summer time. Mencius also lives in Confucius, so in Murphy, the situation is natural. " In this way, the original intention is to improve the status of Mohism.
In Qing Dynasty, Wang Zhong gave the highest evaluation to Mohism. Wang's Illustration of Mozi has been lost, and now it has a long narrative. Among them, it is put forward: "Festival burial in Mo Zhi is not fun, so the significance of saving the declining world is complementary." If the husband loves everything, one end of the ink is special. However, the so-called two heroes hope that the country will take care of them, and there will be no abuse of people's livestock products in neighboring countries. Although the previous royal system was a gift for shirts, it was different from Wang's bus friends. He who teaches the sons of the world with universal love is filial to his loved ones, and it is useless to scold him for having no father. ..... The world will blame Mozi for falsely accusing Confucius. Although, from today on, there has never been any respect for Confucius since the birth of the people. From that day on, Dr. Confucius Lu and Dr. Mozi Song had the same status, similar age and different exercises, but both insisted on winning. Although they want to verify the situation, can they get it? Therefore, Mozi falsely accused Confucius and Mencius falsely accused Mozi, but there was no common goal. I read his book, but it is against the Tao to regard the loss of three years as the loss of friendship between men and women. As far as Yao Shun and Chen Renyi are concerned, it is forbidden to attack and stop prostitution. They feel that the king is not doing it, but they lament the long-lost diligence and immortality, as they can see. The so-called "people who are in mourning, climb to save them" in the poem is also a kind person. Of the nine schools, only Confucianism opposes it, and the other schools are incomparable. "(see" Shu Xue ")
Wang's statement shocked the world and aroused great indignation among those who defended Taoism. At the same time, Weng Fanggang wrote the Book of Mozi, accusing Wang Zhong of "daring to say that Mencius loved fatherless as a fake Mozi and was a sinner of teaching". Weng advocated removing the "green collar" and called it "Mohism" (Volume 15 of Fu Chu Tang Ji). Weng Fanggang himself studied Mozi and participated in the revision of the Notes on Mozi in Biyuan. Bi Yuan's evaluation of Mozi is not low either. Weng Fanggang was afraid to offend because of his official position, so he had to vent his anger on the poor scholar Wang Zhong.
At the same time, Zhang Huiyan is also a Mozi researcher, with a large number of Mozi works. His book "After the Interpretation of Mozi" said: "People who speak Mozi's words go against reason, and people's hearts are nothing more than unhappy, unhappy and frugal. Those who say these three words, even those who know them, can stand up, and those who are not as good as Mencius are not the foundation of Mohism. " The foundation of ink painting is universal love. For people who love each other, ink is solid and unbreakable. The words of universal love say: those who love also love, and those who benefit others also benefit others. Ren Jun makes the world smart. Eyes and ears, eyes and ears, legs and arms are all strong. They are killing each other. How is this different from those who rule the world because of saints? Therefore, the Mohist school entrusts itself to Yuyao because it loves everything. Shang Tong, the ghost of dawn, is frugal, and so are its tributaries. If you have to be buried on a happy holiday, you will be forced to do so. People all over the world are just puzzled by the theory of universal love, so although they are contrary to reason and uneasy, they are all harmonious and don't doubt it. Mencius attacked his roots without attacking his flow, his heart without attacking his words, and was categorically accused of having no father, and his words could not stand on their own feet. He said that he annotated Mozi to know the greatness of Mencius.
During Jiaqing and Daoguang periods, there was constant debate. Yu believes that Mencius "said that universal love means no father, which is also dangerous." Scholars use evil ink to correct themselves, which is inconvenient for selfish desires to avoid it. It is said that saints are different, and they all love heaven and love the king in the ink book. Is there a difference between Heaven and King? "Literature and Art" says: Those who cover it do it, pushing the meaning of universal love, but not knowing intimacy. Not Mozi's so-called universal love. "("Gui Si Cun Draft "Volume 12" Love of Mozi ") Yu also believes that Mohism was spread by the monarch and ministers in the Song Dynasty and originated from it. He also praised the article "Zhuangzi Tianxia" as saying: "Mozi is really good at the world, and he is also talented ... too many people, too few people" as "knowing words" (Guisi Draft, Volume 14, Mohist School).
At the same time, Huang continued to develop ink: "This book was polished after Mencius developed ink." Han Shu Yi Wen Zhi is characterized by high value, frugality, fraternity, virtue, integrity and harmony. Tang Hanyu's "Reading Mozi" takes Shang Tong, Universal Love, Shang Xian and Ming Ghost, saying that Confucius and Mohism should be used together. In the Song Dynasty, Jiang Mimi wrote The Way of Guangyuan, saying that Zhou declined, the way of universal love was weak, and he won for my way. Articles on universal love have been taken by predecessors. Wang is a book of Bi School, so it cannot be said that Mencius' rejection of universal love is a slander on Mozi. Fu Mohist school takes universal love and interests as its top priority to shorten the bereavement of parents. Benevolence-loving people do not have a thick way of loving things regardless of time, but a thin way of loving things regardless of time, especially the way of loving things regardless of time. Love is not bad, which consolidates the fallacy of Mohism. "("Ju Ju Ji "Volume II" Love for Me ")
During the reign of Tongzhi and Guangxu, China scholars began to get in touch with western natural science, logic and political theory, and gained a new understanding of the value of Mozi.
Luan Tingfu, a contemporary scholar, once pointed out: "Learning Tao, learning salt, learning the West, and turning electricity into sound and light are all current events. Scholars seek the ancients, and classics despise them. Mozi's book focuses on the theory of light over geometry, which is enough to provide confrontation with western learning. ..... At the turn of light and propaganda, the teaching of fraternity and the learning of logic are widely spread all over the world. However, Confucius' lecture branch is not familiar with the art of debate. Monk's mouth about drama is also unbreakable. Confucianism should exercise self-restraint and teach carefully, and there is no possibility of saving the world. However, Mozi's main love is to kill himself for the benefit of the world. When he spoke, he argued that in a few words, the matter was justified and quite equal. This is also a great show to the world. " (See Luan Tiaofu's Twenty Years of Mohism) This is a very incisive analysis.
In China, Mozi was first explained by Zou (1819-1869), a famous scientist in modern times, with western natural science. It says, "Westerners learn from nature ... and try their best to get out of the scope of Mozi." Mozi Shang Jing said: "The circle is as long as that of China", that is, geometrically speaking, the circle has only one heart, and the boundary of the circle is equidistant from the heart. There is another cloud:' Japan faces south',' Xia Jing' says:' scenery welcomes Japan', and there is another cloud:' the great novel of scenery is underground', that is, the theory of expressing scenery. This Mozi is all about western mathematics. Westerners are good at making utensils, but those who are skilled in holding utensils should pay attention to learning and rely on learning besides mathematics. Pay attention to scholars, ... For the main purpose, see the weightlifting method in the section of "recruiting negative balance wood" and the weightlifting method in the section of "two rounds of height" in Mozi Jing Shuo Xia. Depending on the scholars' confidential information, the words "stand by and watch the mirror", "small and easy" and "big and upright" in Mozi Xia Jing, and the two paragraphs "Jingguang" and "far and near" in Jing Shuo Xia are enough. If Tessie follows the causal knowledge of God and Buddha, she will respect the purpose of Morning Ghost and be heard by people from different sources. Mozi Shang Jing said:' This book is just a sideline.' Western books are all beside the line, and they also inherit their laws. So western learning originated from Mozi. "
1In the 1970s, books on this subject came out one after another. For example, Chen Li's Zhuzi Book, Secretary Shu Dong's Reading (written in 187 1), Yin Jiajun's Supplement to Shu Ge (written in 1876), Annabel's Ying Hai Lun (written in 1876) and Then came Wang Renjun's Gezhi Gu Wei (written in 1896). Feng Hanchu's "Optical Ink Description" and so on. These works refreshed the study of Mohism and soon became a trend.
In this situation, great changes have taken place in the overall evaluation of Mozi in academic circles. Yu Yue, a famous scholar at the end of the Qing Dynasty, said: "Mozi understands the principle of heaven and man, is familiar with the feelings of things, and deeply observes the changes of the times during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period for more than a hundred years, trying to make up for the disadvantages and help the deviations in order to restore the past. Seriously repeat, listen to one of the auspicious masters. Although there are people with small crimes, there are people who have a heart through the ages. " It is believed that "since the Tang Dynasty, no one can know Mozi except Han Changli". He also pointed out: "In modern western learning, we re-study optics, or all the words are from Mozi, but what about the method of preparing ladders, protrusions and holes, or the power of Taixi machine?" Today, in the Warring States period, Mencius' anti-calligraphy is the main one, supplemented by Mozi's anti-calligraphy. Is peace and prosperity enough? "(preface to Mozi, written in 1895) This can be said to be a new theory of" combination of Confucius and Mohism ".
At the same time, Sun Yirang wrote The Death of Mozi (detailed later). In the preface written by 1893, he defended Mozi, saying that Mozi "was embarrassed by the rigor of * * * * at the beginning of the Warring States Period, so his words were profound, and it is the responsibility of ancient and modern times." However, the ceremony is right in the summer and left in the week. If you want to change the text without changing the quality, the music will be abolished, which is incompatible with the four techniques and six arts of Confucianism. In the next generation, it is extremely difficult to be harmonious, but to be self-sufficient, too persistent, or extreme, rather than Confucian. However, Taoism was divided in the Zhou Dynasty, and various schools of thought flourished. Xun Qing is a master of Qilu, but his book is not twelve chapters, and all the great sages such as Yu Youren, Xia and Mencius are far behind. Confucianism did a great job. Mohism is different from Confucianism, and Wu is brave. Is it better to be different? Reading a book can explain its refutation and make it pure and true, if you want to cover sixteen or seventeen. His heart is sincere, and he is brave enough to save the world, which is almost incomparable to Hanlu philosophers. In the preface of the Biography of Mozi attached to the book, Mozi said that Mozi "worked hard to revitalize the world". "Power is slightly enough to keep up with the crisis, but not tired of the crisis. The Taoist art you have learned should be comprehensive, and the number of images in caves should be small. Among the philosophers of the Warring States Period, Wuqi was a talented person in Shang Jun and had a good economy. The moral integrity is like Lu Lian, but the quality has passed. " This is a high praise for Mozi's personality.
/kloc-at the end of 0/9 century, some scholars went to Europe, America and Japan, and wrote articles about Mozi from different angles after returning home. For example, Li Shuchang, who has served as a diplomat for many times, said: "Today, in western Thailand, Jesus Catholicism prevails, respecting heaven, showing ghosts, loving people and Shang Tong. Its art is indeed based on Mozi, but it has been unbeaten for hundreds of years. It can be seen that the way of heaven and earth is beyond the reach of a Confucian. Changli Hanyu said that Confucius used ink, and Confucius must use ink. What a lie! " ("Zhuo Zun Yuan Cong Manuscript" Volume 4 "Reading Mozi") This is much wider than the scope of Confucianism.
Wang Shuban said: "Since Mencius refused to teach Yang Mo, his teaching could not be carried out in China, so he stayed away, and his teaching flourished in the states on the west side of the Taiwan Strait. For me, it is also close to Yang, and for me, it is also close to Mo. Its equipment is still ingenious, especially from Mozi's hand, and it has been specially transformed to make the best use of it. Mencius called a monarch without a father an animal, and today there are many people who run the country without a father and a monarch. Therefore, I call it solid flow. Ho ho! There are so many changes in the world that I dare not stand with the sage at the end of Yang Mo's Tao. I still don't know if it has changed for a long time and turned back into a saint. " ("Lu Tao Hundred Essays" Volume I, Mozi Postscript) Governing the country without a monarch is a democratic republic.
During this period, some conservative people still insisted on Mencius' position of opening ink, criticizing Han Yu and Mozi, such as Jiang Tong's "Dan Leng Wen Chao" Volume I, and "Houshu Mozi" and "Houshu Mozi" are its representatives. Hu Sijing's "Retreat from Lu", Volume 1, Reading Mozi, specifically criticized, saying: "Mencius is not as good as omnipotent love, or he has not seen his book because his meaning is consistent with the world." His books, such as Unhappiness, Mourning Festival, Ghosts and Death, are too shallow to confuse people. But Shang Tong's writing is novel and gratifying, and the darkness conforms to the western system. I think there will be people who covet political achievements and happy events in the future. They will embellish their own words, poison our people in the world they want to do, and be embarrassed by their cover. "This is in view of the budding of Shang Tong's electoral system and civil contract theory.
After the failure of the Reform Movement of 1898, the bourgeois democratic revolutionaries stepped onto the political stage, and they looked at Mozi in a more novel way.
In the article Zhai Mo Lun, Jue Buddha said: Mozi is "the first great sociologist in China". "Mohist, who values personnel rather than heaven, thinks that the country's prosperity depends on whether people's wisdom is open or not and whether politics is improved or not. The death of a lonely husband and thief is not the death of heaven, but also the death of man. " "If you say you are doomed, what is your ambition?" "Shang Xian, pro-scholars, the theory of frugality. Is it the main brain of governing the country? " "The theory of thin burial, its power except the wind of hypocrisy?" "Look at what they say and love, and then sociologists also. Looking at his articles on politics, he is also a great politician. If you look at the articles that explain the ambitions of ghosts and gods, you are a religious scholar and educator. Its ability is unimaginable. " "If you can fly like a wooden kite and make a gun to defend yourself, then the inventor of the machine is the first person to push Mozi." "His practice is like Zhong Ni, his perseverance is like jade, his unity of knowledge and action is like Rainbow Yangming, and his giving is like Sakyamuni and Christ. Guy is almost resourceful. " (No.7 of "Chueh-min", published in 1904) The article calls for imitating Mozi, practicing internal strength and reforming politics.
19 10, Wu Yu published "The Debate on Right and Wrong of Mencius Initiating Yang Mo", criticizing Mencius for initiating Yang Mo out of "personal opinions" and "actually not looking at Yang Mo's theory". The author believes that "Mozi's universal love refers to the fraternity and equality of Jesus, and Mozi is a ghost, that is, Socrates' belief values ghosts and gods. Saving ink shows that you are familiar with Dionysus' Eliminating Lust. Mozi's self-cultivation means the unity of Plato's wisdom and morality. Mo's "Daqu" and "Xiaoqu" are also the names of Maitreya. Not attacking the ink is also the purpose of the Russian emperor's garrison. Ink is good for profit, which is Ducker's utilitarianism "(Bao Shu, No.4). The main purpose of this paper is to attack the autocratic monarchy and patriarch, and stimulate the wave of freedom of speech and thought. Wu was a famous anti-Confucius fighter during the May 4th Movement.