Taiping Heavenly Kingdom (185 1 year-1864) (Taiping Heavenly Kingdom should be written as Taiping Tian-{Yaya}-,Zhongwang) was a peasant regime established by peasant uprising in the late Qing Dynasty. Jintian uprising, which started with the symbol 185 1 year, and ended with the symbol 1864, which lasted 13 years. This uprising created many precedents, such as the first peasant uprising in China was suppressed by Chinese and foreign forces, and the uprising was initiated by western religions. * * * is Hong Xiuquan, with the title of "King of Heaven" and Tianjing (now Nanjing) as its capital.
political program
The Taiping Heavenly Kingdom was a large-scale peasant uprising in modern China, which occupied half of China at the time of its vastest territory. Therefore, it has the remarkable characteristics of that era. On the other hand, Hong Xiuquan borrowed Christianity, a new religion introduced from western religions at that time, which also made ordinary people feel fresh. This may be related to the people's desire for change at that time.
The theoretical program of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom is included in several books, such as Song of Saving the World by the Original Way, Training of Awakening the World by the Original Way and Training of Awakening the World by the Original Way. However, surprisingly, although Hong Xiuquan's Taiping Heavenly Kingdom claimed to combine Western Christianity, China Confucianism and peasant egalitarianism, it actually knew nothing about Christians. In fact, all his thoughts originated from Liang Fa, a missionary from China at that time, and his advice to the world. Later, some foreign missionaries learned about it and tried to tell him the truth of the Bible, but Hong Xiuquan denounced it as heresy. Hong Xiuquan's non-Christian and non-Confucian "Trinity" thought was very attractive to the people in the semi-colonial and semi-feudal society at that time.
China Land System is the revolutionary program of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom to solve the distribution of means of production and products, which embodies the strong desire of the peasant class to abolish the old feudal land ownership.
Senior Minister's New Chapter is the first political program in China with the will to develop capitalism put forward by the late King Hong Rengan. However, due to the harsh surrounding environment objectively, the subjective disregard for the peasant class did not play the expected role.
Another view holds that the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom has essential defects and rational retrogression under the appearance of progress. Politically, the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom is a combination of theocracy and kingship. The DPRK is not only strict in class, but also does whatever the king wants to officials, even exceeding the imperial court under the constraint of Confucianism. Culturally, the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom completely overthrew the inherent traditional culture and hated traditional intellectuals. After Hong Xiuquan and Wang Dingdu arrived in Tianjing, their lives were corrupt, the political discipline of the imperial court was disordered, and the Holy Spirit was randomly sealed. Institutionally speaking, the programs such as "Heaven's Mind" and "Senior Minister's Essays" are just on paper, and they have never been seriously implemented, and no results have been achieved. As for the so-called "opening imperial examinations to women" and other progressive policies, most of them only exist in the legends of unofficial history.
This regime is very critical in history, and its "advanced nature" has not been recognized by historians; The Taiping Heavenly Kingdom is regarded as another cruel regime based on oppressing human nature. Hong Xiuquan himself is not considered to understand Christian teachings. All his policies have not been successfully implemented. In fact, this is more inclined to a peasant violent regime.
economic system
Sound bank system
The financial system is the first economic system founded by the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom. This system came into being with jintian uprising and Taiping Army, until the Taiping Revolution failed, and the sacred library system disappeared. When the Taiping Army was founded, the "Three Stores" system played an important and positive role in ensuring the contribution of the troops, attracting poor peasants to participate in the revolution, and ensuring military discipline. After the capital Tianjing, Hong Yang and others brought the economic life of urban people into the supply scope of the holy library. Moreover, it was once required to apply the principle of "selfless wealth" to the people, which was too much and violated the objective laws of social and economic development. This is obviously wrong and infeasible, and its negative effects are gradually exposed.
The Taiping Heavenly Kingdom organized military forces in both urban and rural areas. The local government has one military commander for every13,000 in-laws cadres, and is in charge of Shi Shuai, Shi Shuai and Zhang Chang. The leader of the most basic organizational unit is called the Second Sima. According to the regulations, there is no sacred library from all armies to Ersima. In "China", there is a "general holy library" to take charge of property. During the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, Tianjingqi, the capital of Tianjingqi, set up a "general holy treasury" and a "general holy grain" in its central organization, each with four official assistants, "with the same posts as prosecutors". Team equipment coding officer. Let it go.
The data sources of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Scripture Library include the following five aspects: first, at the beginning of the uprising, he was holding the silver grain and clothes given to the holy treasury by all the people of God; The second is to defeat the Qing army or conquer the spoils captured by towns; Third, the contribution of urban and rural people in various places and the property obtained by sending large donations to the rich and pioneers; Fourth, the income of "Parker", local tax and industrial and commercial tax; The fifth is the raw product of white drake. The hundred-style yamen and craftsman camp located in Tianjin City are one of the important sources of information in the holy library.
The sacred storehouse supply system based on the principle of selfless wealth played an important and positive role in the early days of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Revolution. First of all, it attracted poor peasants to take part in the uprising. Secondly, the "Three Stores" system ensured the supply of Taiping Army and inspired the fighting spirit of Taiping Army. Military families are in Tianjing, and there is a holy library to solve life problems. Therefore, they have no worries and can concentrate on "killing demons and taking cities" and fighting for the great cause of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom. Third, all the seized items were handed over to the holy library, which ensured the Taiping Army's good discipline and harmonious military-civilian relations. The fine discipline of Taiping Army was famous in the peasant uprising, especially in Qianlang. Fourthly, in Tianjing, a city surrounded by the Qing army for a long time, it is of special significance to implement the supply system of the holy library. The storage system has played a great role in defending Tianjing, Zhenjiang and other military towns, sharing weal and woe between the army and the people, and stabilizing the people's hearts.
From the stage of historical development, when private ownership is still in the ascendant, any egalitarian thought and system that wants to change this objective trend can only be a beautiful and naive fantasy of the exploited. If it is required to be implemented in practice for a long time, it will undoubtedly regress to obstacles and destruction. Judging from people's ideology, the concept of private ownership for thousands of years can never be changed because of the preaching that the possession of gold and silver is forbidden in Taiping rules and regulations, the imperial edict of the king of heaven and the imperial edict of the king of the east require that "public interest is above everything else" Although farmers have a strong anti-feudal revolution, because they are farmers, they have strong private ideas and desire to get rich. They are dissatisfied with the egalitarian supply system. Therefore, the implementation of the sacred library system is facing more and more subjective and objective difficulties. It should carry out reasonable reforms with the development of the situation, and transform the payment system in the early days of the uprising into a relatively perfect financial system to meet the new needs. However, there is no material to prove that the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom made major changes to this, but let it evolve on its own and was finally destroyed and deteriorated.
First of all, the feudal privilege thought and material enjoyment of the leadership order of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom were excessive. After Hong Xiuquan made his capital in Tianjing, he claimed to be the Lord of all nations in the world, and Tianjing was called "Little Paradise". The grand palace is extremely magnificent. Although there is a sacred treasury dedicated to dealing with property, there are no restrictions on kings and senior officials, which undoubtedly undermines the principle of the treasury system. This shows that in the top leadership of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, feudal hedonism is so strong. In Wei Changhui's eyes, the sacred library also has the principle of equality and public library, which is just the private wealth of feudal emperors and the internal library controlled at will! Although Hong and Yang verbally talked about the truth of "saving money and loving the people", after entering big cities, the extravagant wind of enjoying, ostentation and extravagance and wasting public property grew like a disease.
Celestial field system
The basic content of the "celestial system" can be summarized as the following aspects, in which the land system is fundamental, the foundation on which various systems exist, and the essence of the "celestial system":
About the land system. The core and essence of Tianmu system in China, as pointed out in the title of this book, is the founder of Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, that is, the land system of Taiping Heavenly Kingdom. There are two contents here: one is the grading standard of land quality; The second is the principles and methods of land distribution. The celestial eye system divides the fields in the world into three categories and nine grades according to their output.
On the distribution system of means of subsistence.
On rural social organization system. Taiping Heavenly Kingdom reorganized rural social organizations according to the establishment of Taiping Army, namely, army, division, brigade, pawn and second Sima.
On the reward system of officials at all levels. Officials at all levels in the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom can be divided into three types: DPRK officials, military officials and local village officials. It is stipulated to be promoted once a year and once every three years.
About education and the judicial system. Education in the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom is carried out in the form of religion, and every twenty-five households have a chapel, which also doubles as a school. In the judicial aspect, the "celestial eye system" stipulates that each army has two "criminal law" officers, one is the chief officer and the other is the deputy officer, and Shi Shuai and Lu Shuai are concurrently appointed. However, where there are civil and criminal proceedings among the people, it will be adjusted by the Second Sima at first. If it can't be solved, it must be reviewed step by step.
Early prince's watch
Early stage of seven kings' table
Knight title attack knight title
He is the heir of Hong Tianyou, the fifth son of Yang Zhi, and the king of the Eastern Jin Dynasty. He was once the chief strategist and redeemed his illness. The young king of the East is nine years old. I don't know where I am after the fall of Tianjing.
You Bi is also the chief strategist of Xiao Chaogui, the eldest son of the Western Queen Mother. Xiao You and the young Western King Xi Jue are both 8,000 years old. Tianjing fell and broke through to Hushu Town to offer sacrifices.
Xiao, the second son of Feng Yunshan, the king of the South, the king of the West, the leader and deputy strategist, inherited, and the young king of the South is 7,000 years old. Tianjing fell and broke through to Hushu Town to offer sacrifices.
Wei Changhui, the defender and deputy strategist of Beiwang, was punished for his crime and dismissed from his post.
Zuo Jun's main wing king Starkey.
Qin Rigang, the prince of Yan, just punished him for his crime and abolished his position.
Hu Wansheng, the son of Yu Wang, attacked Bixiao.
Former marquis table
Comments on the title of knight
Ding Tian Hou Qin rigang
Jing Hu Hou Lin Feng Xiang sought audience with the King.
Dinghu Hou Li Fang Kai pursued the invitation of the king.
Hou Ji of Pinghu wrote to wish the king.
Suppress Hu Houzhu
Hu Hou Huang Yiyun
Protect the country and the princes.
Xingguo Hou Chen later changed to Zuo Tianhou.
Huang Yukun, the Hou of Wei, was later changed to Wei Tianhou.
Hou Zhenguo Lu xian ba
Butianhou Li Junchang
Zan Tian Hou Meng De En
Tian Xiang Daqiyang's nephew.
Tian Xiang Houhuang Banner rises.
Brother-in-law of Kuang Tianhou and Huang Heyang
Liu, Minister of East Hall. Tianjing Incident was killed by Wei Changhui.
After Ji Cheng Zidong e-commerce book. Tianjing Incident was killed by Wei Changhui.
History of fu xuexian in the east pavilion. Tianjing Incident was killed by Wei Changhui.
Wei Tianhou once made money.
An important king in the later period
Dry king Hong Rengan.
King Chen Yucheng of England.
⊙ Zhongjun Li Xiucheng
Chronology of major events
1843
⊙ In July, Hong Xiuquan established a worship meeting with Feng Yunshan and Hong Rengan, calling himself the son of God, calling God the father and Jesus the heavenly brother.
1844
He began to preach in Guangzhou in April.
In May, Feng Yunshan and Hong Xiuquan went to Guiping, Guangxi to preach. Later, Feng Yunshan moved to Amethyst Mountain and Hong Xiuquan returned to Guangdong.
1847
⊙ In March, Hong Xiuquan and Hong Rengan voted for American priest Luo Xiaoquan to read the Bible for the first time. He was excluded by other Christians and was not baptized, and then he wrote The Revelation of the Original Way.
⊙ In August, Hong Xiuquan returned to Zijingshan, Guangxi, and developed a pilgrimage meeting with Feng Yunshan.
185 1 year
In June+10, 65438, Chongxin Society revolted in Jintian Village, Guiping, Guangxi, and its founding name was changed to "Taiping Tian-{Guo}-".
⊙ In March, Hong Xiuquan called himself the "King of Heaven".
In September, the Taiping Army captured Yongan.
⊙65438+ Yong 'an in February, Wang Jianli in the southeast and northwest wing, the basic system of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom was established, which was called "Yong 'an organizational system" in history.
1852
⊙ In April, Taiping Army broke through from Yongan. Feng Yunshan, King of the South, died in Quanzhou.
⊙ In September, the Taiping Army attacked Changsha, and Xiao Chaogui, the queen of the West, died.
1853
Wuhan was captured in October, and the number increased to 500,000. Zeng Guofan's Ying Yong in Hunan is the Xiang Army.
Nanjing was captured in March, renamed Tianjing and designated as the capital. The Qing army set up camps in Jiangnan and Jiangbei.
Northern Expedition and Western Expedition of Taiping Army in May
1855
⊙65438+ October wing Wang Shidakai defeated the Xiang army at the mouth of Poyang Lake.
⊙ In March, the Northern Expeditionary Army was completely annihilated, and Li, deputy prime minister of Tiangong and local prime minister, was captured and killed in the same year.
1856
At the beginning of the year, the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom moved eastward, captured Yangzhou and broke the camp in Jiangbei. Shi Dakai broke the Jiangnan camp; Tianjin gap
In September, the Tianjing Incident, the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom clashed, and the kings killed each other. East Wang Yang, North Wang Wei Changhui and Prince Qin Rigang were just killed.
1857
Shi Dakai left in June, and the founding fathers did everything.
1858
⊙ In September, Li Xiucheng and Chen Yucheng broke the camp in Jiangbei.
165438+October sanhe town victory
1859
⊙ In April, Hong Rengan arrived in Tianjing from Hongkong and sealed-{dry}-Wang.
1860
⊙ Break Jiangnan camp in April and approach Shanghai.
Break jiangbei camp in may
⊙ In June, Shanghai established the "Chinese and Foreign Defense Bureau", and Americans built a foreign gun team to assist the Taiping Army.
186 1 year
⊙ Li Hongzhang is in charge of Huai Army.
1862
In February, the foreign gun team was changed to a regular team.
Li Xiucheng suffered a crushing defeat in May.
1863
March