First of all, the profile of the character

Lev? Nikolayevich? Tolstoy (1828— 19 10) is the greatest representative of Russian critical realism literature and one of the greatest writers in the history of world literature. He is a noble family, and his father is Nicholas? Count ilych, Sister Maria? Nikolayev is the duke's daughter.

Tolstoy received a typical aristocratic family education from an early age. He studied in the Department of Oriental Languages of Kazan University, prepared to be a diplomat, and transferred to the Law Department the following year. Tolstoy tried to live a simple civilian life in his later years and tried to distribute his property to farmers. Due to disagreement with his wife, Tolstoy left home on June 19 10, and 10 died at the station on October 7, at the age of 82.

A generation of literary giants have completed their life journey. As someone said, "It has always been the shoemaker's revolution that wants to be a nobleman, and the Russian aristocrats want to be a shoemaker in the revolution." Lev tolstoy (1828 ~ 19 10),1the greatest Russian writer in the 9th century, is such a person.

His main works include the autobiographical trilogy Childhood, Teenagers and Youth, the novella Morning between the Landlord and the Cossack, and the novel War and Peace, Anna? Karenina, resurrect.

The novels War and Peace and Anna? Karenina won him a high world reputation. Resurrection, written in the late 1980s, is a summary of the author's life-long creation and ideological exploration.

Second, representative works

1, "Anna? Karenina "

Anna? Karenina, written in 1873- 1877, is an unparalleled picture of Russian social life in the 1970s. At that time, Russia was in a period of great historical change, and the feudal landlords in ancient Russia were violently impacted by the wave of capitalism in Western Europe. "Everything is upside down, and everything has just begun to be established."

The work tells the story that Anna, a noble woman, pursues love and happiness, but encounters karenin's hypocrisy, Lenski's indifference and selfishness, and finally commits suicide on the railway track and stands dead. Levin, the owner of the manor, opposed the private ownership of land, resisted the capitalist system and sympathized with the poor peasants, but he could not get rid of the aristocratic habits and fell into an unavoidable contradiction.

Contradictory period, contradictory system, contradictory characters and contradictory psychology make the book bumpy in the whirlpool of contradictions. This novel is a portrayal of the tense and fearful Russian society in the transitional period between the old and the new.

Tolstoy's influence can be seen everywhere in China's modern literature. In Lu Xun's A Little Thing, there is Tolstoy-style introspection and repentance; In Bing Xin's A Melancholy Boy, the protagonist is very much like Ilsini in The Boy.

The image of mother in Superman, another work of Bing Xin, can be said to be the embodiment of Tolstoy's love. Ye's Ni Huanzhi, Mao Dun's Three Faces, Lu Yin's Old Friends by the Sea, His Smile and Xu Dishan's Spider Weaving a Web and Working all reflect Tolstoy's views on love, labor and humanity.

2. War and peace

War and Peace is the first epic with 654.38+300,000 words in the history of Russian literature. The novel is based on the Russian-French War of 18 12 and centered on the Russian Patriotic War of 18 12, reflecting the major historical events from 1805 to 1820.

The novel begins with 1805 when the aristocrats in Petersburg talk about Napoleon's campaign in Europe. Both the Sino-Russian-Austrian Coalition forces and Napoleon collapsed, and finally ends on the eve of the party movement in 18251February. The works focus on the thoughts and actions of forty families, namely, Paul Kanski, Bezukhov, Rostov and Kulagin, in the environment of war and peace.

Based on the fate of four main family members, Andre, Pierre and Natasha, it depicts Russian social fashion and shows a broad picture of life.

It is a realistic heroic epic novel. The appearance of this novel coincides with the unprecedented prosperity of Russian critical realism literature. Like a bright star, he added luster to Russian literature and won Tolstoy the reputation as a world writer.

3. Resurrection

Resurrection is the masterpiece of Tolstoy, a Russian critical realist writer, and one of the immortal masterpieces of world literature. The protagonist of the novel Katyusha? Maslova was originally the adopted daughter of an aristocratic landlord. She was seduced by her master's nephew, the young aristocratic Duke Niehe Liudov, and was abandoned.

As a result, she fell into a miserable life. She was driven away by her master because she was pregnant, and she wandered around and worked as a prostitute for eight years. Later, she was framed for murder for money and was arrested and imprisoned. Ten years later, Nekhludoff appeared as a juror in Maslova's case.

He recognized that the defendant was Maslova who was abandoned by him ten years ago, and he was condemned by his conscience. In order to atone for her soul, he ran around to reduce her sentence. When all efforts failed, Maslova was escorted to Siberia, and Nekhludoff went with her.

On the way, there came a notice that the emperor reduced Maslova's sentence, and forced labor was changed to exile. At this time, although Maslova still loved Nekhludoff, he refused his proposal for his future and married political prisoner simonson. The experiences of these two protagonists show their spiritual and moral revival. This novel exposes those corrupt officials and touches the essence of the old law.

Third, the classic quotations

1, all happy families are very similar; Every unhappy family is unhappy in its own way.

2. All self-interested lives are irrational and animal lives.

Even in the best, friendliest and simplest relationship, flattery or praise is essential, just as oil is essential to make the wheels slip.

4. Caring for public welfare should be the commonness of every well-educated person.

The main obstacle to understanding truth is not fallacy, but specious truth.

6. Human beings have been given a job, that is, spiritual growth.

7. Happiness does not mean causing even a little pain to others, but directly contributing to others' happiness and happiness. In my opinion, this aspect can be expressed in the simplest way: happiness lies in not doing evil, forgiving and loving others.

8. Have a life goal, a life goal, a period goal, a stage goal, a year goal, a month goal, a week goal, a day goal, an hour goal and a minute goal.

9. Praise plays a great role not only in people's feelings, but also in people's reason.

10, if you think it's beautiful, what a fantastic fantasy!

1 1. In order to live happily, we should believe in the possibility of happiness.

12, can you do it-be bold but not impatient, be agile but not frivolous, be active but not frivolous, obey your boss without flattery, perform your duties without arrogance, win without arrogance, be self-respecting but not arrogant, be bold but not deceitful, be strong but not pedantic, be lively and not arrogant.

13, being loved is as happy as loving others. Once you get it, it will be enough for a lifetime.

14. Soak in clear water for three times, wash in blood for three times and boil in alkaline water for three times, and we will be as pure as ever.

15. Nothing is better than hypocrisy and deception.

16, the ideal book is the key to wisdom.

17, all people live and act according to their own ideas and others' ideas.

18, everyone has something in his heart that only he knows.

Fourth, extend reading.

Tolstoy's melancholy.

Lev tolstoy decided to leave. "Why do you want to live according to the requirements of God? Because if not, life that ends in death is meaningless. " Before 5 o'clock in the morning, he ordered the coachman to saddle his horse, take his diary, pencil and quill pen, and left Polaina Manor in a hurry. From this day on, the door of19th century slowly closed behind him.

He has long wanted to run away from home. The first time was in 1884, but on the way, he felt that he was still overwhelmed and had to return to China. He wrote in his diary: "I am very sad ... I should not stay." It seems that this is inevitable. "

He is ashamed of the life of a small and few ranchers. "How can all this end?" As early as the early 1980s, he hoped to distribute all his property to the poor according to the instructions of the Gospels, and began to gradually implement civilian, vegetarian and manual labor in his daily life.

"There was a time when I was proud of my intelligence and my family. Now I know that if there is anything good about me, it is a kind heart, sensitive and loving. " In his Confessions, he said, "The life of rich and knowledgeable people like us not only disgusted me, but also lost any meaning."

He decided to give up his own interests, family property and royalties and give them all to the poor in order to feel at ease. His decision made his wife very angry. The quarrel between them continued, and Tolstoy's ears could no longer be clean. In his later years, Tolstoy devoted most of his energy to burning tea, chopping firewood and writing literacy textbooks for students.

Writing Russian books for farmers, but all this is almost a huge waste to outsiders. Gorky never thought it necessary for a great writer to "farm, repair stoves and make boots". But Tolstoy has been doing this for decades. He wears a big farmer's coat, has a fluffy beard, and his sad face is impressive.

"How does this all end?" He believes that "outstanding elements of all ages" should consider this issue well. People are born with inequality, loss of human dignity, evil of human nature and evil of politics. How does this all end?

He doesn't think that "fighting evil with violence" is an optional road. Violence itself is evil, and its final result is still an evil. He emphasized "moral self-realization", and he wrote in his diary 1908: "Yes, I need self-cultivation-what I did today at the age of eighty is exactly the same as what I did with great enthusiasm when I was 14 or 15: self-improvement."

This kind of "self-improvement" is centered on overcoming self and urging people to be good. "If people want to become better, they must become better, and in order to become better, they must pay more and more attention to themselves and their inner life. External and social activities, especially social struggles, always divert people's attention from their inner lives.

Therefore, it will inevitably make people worse, thus lowering the social moral level. "He became a compassionate religious figure, as Christ said," Divide your property, and don't fight violence with violence. If someone hits you on the right face, turn your left face away and let him hit you. Don't judge others, don't kill people. " He became "the conscience of the world". In the eyes of ordinary people, this kind of conscience seems to be "abnormal".

Even a little "fat"-seeing beggars in winter, beggars are cold and hungry, "and I wear a warm short sheepskin jacket and eat eggs as soon as I get home!" He felt pain and shame; I saw prostitutes in the street being taken into the police station, "while I was lying in a clean and comfortable room reading books and drinking water soaked in figs!" " What the hell is going on here? "

He can't stand it, and his heart is in pain. But people still live their lives in these common phenomena as if nothing had happened. The world is normal, and Tolstoy is the only one who is crazy. He said, "I know, I'm crazy." "I am extremely sad in this madhouse."

In the end, Tolstoy chose to fly over the madhouse on the earth and run away from home, drawing a clear track for his life: surrender and liberation. He hopes to leave his family and go to the forest like an Indian in his later years.

"Anyone with religious beliefs wants to serve God wholeheartedly in his later years, instead of frolicking, chatting and playing tennis. I am the same. " On the night of his departure, he wrote: "My practice is the same as that of an old man of my age, that is, to spend the last few days of my life alone in a secluded place and abandon the secular life."

He wants to find a clean place to die like a free beast. After he fled to AuPutin Monastery, he feared that he would not be accepted because he had been excommunicated.

Standing on the steps of the abbot's bedroom, he took off his hat and stood, afraid to rush in. He first asked someone to send a message: "Please tell me, I am lev tolstoy, maybe I can't go in?" The dean greeted him with open arms and said, "My brother!" " Tolstoy threw himself into the dean's arms and wept bitterly. ...

Do we still have such figures today? As a part of the elite group, can today's intellectuals be ashamed of being rich and precious in front of the poor, ashamed of cowardice in front of violence, ashamed of shackles in front of tyranny, and deeply repent their sins in their hearts and under the starry sky overhead? Mencius said, "Shame on the NPC."

Shame comes from the heart, that is to say, "shame" is related to the heart. The ancients called earrings "shame", left earrings "shame" and right earrings "shame". The original earrings were used to adjust the walking posture of women. What happens when people are shameless? Gu said, "Dishonesty means taking everything, and shame means everything."

If you are shameless, you can do anything. Therefore, Guan Zi said, "Courtesy, righteousness, honesty and shame are four dimensions. If the four dimensions don't open, the country will die. " Gu thought: "Of the four, shame is particularly important" and "the shamelessness of a scholar-bureaucrat is a national shame". Only by knowing shame can you be brave. Only by pursuing hard and blaming yourself deeply can we complete the self-improvement of personality.

It is easy to shake the pen to make the tongue, and it is not difficult to shout. The difficult thing is to take action against yourself, especially to give up the vested interests, give up the already stable position, and lead yourself to that narrow door. This is the real difficulty. This cultivation process is like the "Mediterranean Thought" advocated by Camus: "Knowing that the world is cold, we should try our best to burn and endure suffering for beauty and love".

1910165438+1On October 20th, lev tolstoy, the conscience of Russia19th century and the founder of the golden age, died on his way. Before he died, he said, "Actually ... I love a lot ... how did they ..." These are his last words, and we can try to finish them.