Firstly, it introduces the origin of academic system (the earliest prototype of official school in China, the official school system of integrating politics with religion, private free lectures …). So with the changes of the times, what was its educational system in the Song Dynasty? As well as the development and prevalence of academies, we will introduce and discuss them in detail.

Xia is the first dynasty in China's history, with a history of more than 400 years, from 2 1 century BC to18th century BC. In order to cultivate their children, the nobles in Xia Dynasty set up schools one after another. According to ancient records, there may have been three kinds of non-specialized educational institutions in Xia Dynasty, namely "Yao", "Xu" and "School", which have not fully developed into the form of schools.

There was a school education system in Shang Dynasty, including Yao, Xu, School and Zhezong. "Yao" and "Xu" are the inheritance and development of Xia Dynasty, and their teaching contents are richer. Yao was originally a place for providing for the aged, and it was still playing the role of providing for the aged in Shang Dynasty. At the same time, the younger generation should be educated in morality and ethics, such as showing filial piety to their parents. But at the same time, Yao is also a place to learn, and Yao's educational role has expanded in the Shang Dynasty. "Preface" is not only to learn archery, but also to learn martial arts and dance, not only to learn archery techniques, but also to learn "shooting ceremony". In Shang dynasty, aristocratic men emphasized martial arts and often held shooting ceremonies.

"Zhezong" and "Study Tour" in Shang Dynasty were schools for learning rites and music, with a relatively high level, and were ancient institutions of higher learning. According to textual research, Yin merchants advocated the right and the west was the right, so they located the university in the western suburbs. In this way, universities located in the western suburbs are also called "right schools". "Zhezong" was originally a ancestral temple, and moral officials who were proficient in rites and music were chosen to teach aristocratic children. The school that later generations represented Yin Shang with "Zhezong" was located in the west, so it was called "Western learning". It can be seen that "Right Learning", "Western Learning" and "Zhezong" are a kind of schools, that is, universities in Shang Dynasty. Later generations also called the University of Commerce "Bi Yong", also known as "Xi Yong", a place to learn etiquette and music. This is another name for Shang University.

It can be seen that the nobles in Shang Dynasty attached importance to school education and set up aristocratic schools-order, learning and teaching. Teachers are state officials. The content of education includes religious, ethical, military and general cultural knowledge. It is the embryonic form of the earliest official school in China.

The Western Zhou Dynasty has a history of about 300 years. ......

Third, the local official school in Song Dynasty.

(A) the Song Dynasty local official school system:

In Song Dynasty, the credits of local official schools were state and county schools, which were similar in structure to our current nine-year state religion. County students are promoted to state school after taking the test, and state students are promoted to Gong Shi (it should be said that the business is set up separately). Later, according to imperial academy's "Three Shes Law", the law of three Shes in prefectures and counties was established, and the system that the county school was promoted to the state school, the state school was promoted to Bi Yong, and Bi Yong was promoted to imperial academy, and palace examination was an official was implemented. At this point, the educational system from local to central was established in the Northern Song Dynasty, but by Xuanzong, the three-she law of prefectures and counties was abolished, and the system collapsed, and the local official school lost direct contact with the central official school.

County and state Biyong Taixue

(After Xuanzong, the contact between local official schools and the central government was interrupted)

(2) The management system of official schools in Song Dynasty:

Before understanding the education system of local official schools in the Song Dynasty, let's first understand the parts we will mention in the local administrative system in the Song Dynasty. In the Song Dynasty, the central government took charge of the national schools and tributes with the Ministry of Rites, and the local administrative divisions were divided into three levels of government: road, government (state, army and prison) and county. Therefore, the administrative institutions that manage local official schools are also divided into three levels.

First of all, as far as Taoism is concerned, there was no Taoism in the Song Dynasty, and even before Hui Zong, there was no school administration that was exclusively in charge of all the way or managed by special personnel. It was not until Hui Zong that there was a special person and a special stock (promoting the school administration department) to manage the whole process, until Xuanhe was revoked, and it was not restored until the Southern Song Dynasty. The extension department is the highest administrative authority of local official schools.

Secondly, as far as the government, country, army and prison are concerned, there is a national school. When there is no special professor, it should be the highest general chief executive of the country, such as Zhizhou, who presides over the school. It was not until the founding of Injong that a professor (which should be regarded as the principal of a school) was set up in the state school to take charge of students' academic problems, but it was still under the jurisdiction of knowing the state and passing sentences administratively. Under the professor, there are other positions, such as learning correction, learning record, direct learning, secretary-general, director of fasting, fasting order and so on. For the place set by the professor, it is still presided over by well-known and Tongguan.

As for the county school, in the Song Dynasty, only after Li Zong set up a special person to manage the county school (the highest officer of the county school) in the Southern Song Dynasty, the general officer was exempted from concurrently holding the post. In the past, due to the complicated work of county magistrate and the fact that it was mostly part-time educational administration, it was not perfect, so the attitude of learning from its county magistrate in various counties had a great influence on the development of county learning. Of course, when Hui Zong was established, there were predecessors who were in charge of county education and administration, but the chief executive of county education was still. According to the size of the county school, there are people who teach, learn directly, comment on books, plan, fast, fast, correct, record and read palms.

From the above, it can be seen that the administrative system of local official schools in Song Dynasty was formed by the local chief executive concurrently, and gradually changed into a special person to preside over the school administration. Although there is a system in which county students are promoted to state schools at the age of 20, there is no direct administrative relationship between county schools and state schools, which are managed by the promotion department respectively. And the general state-level chief executive, such as well-known, Tongguan, etc., can use the general administrative system to direct county-level administration to indirectly participate in the study of county science. This is a very interesting place. County schools and state schools are related in academic system, but not in administrative management. It's a bit like the relationship between junior high school, primary school, high school and university, which belong to counties and counties respectively, and there is no direct relationship in administration.

Attached drawings:

1, the mapping of local official learning regime in Song Dynasty:

The Ministry of rites promotes the department to know the state and judge the state school.

County magistrate assistant county school

2, the Song Dynasty local official school administrative organization table:

Military inspector county in Luf region

There are no state schools (government, military, supervision schools) and county schools.

Department of Education Administration and Operation, Department of Educational Affairs, Tongguan County, Left

The main scholar has no senior professor (or other officials).

Other deacons learn to be correct, learn to remember, learn to be straight, remember, learn to teach, learn to be straight, tell books, plan, learn to be correct, learn to remember, and listen to orders.

(three) the reasons for the establishment of county schools and educational purposes:

According to the identity and motivation of the founders of state and county schools, the establishment of state and county schools can be divided into two categories: 1, emperor promoting learning and local officials actively promoting learning. The following is discussed according to this classification.

1, dixue:

In the Song Dynasty, Renzong established state and county schools, and Hui Zong, Zongshen and Gaozong in the Southern Song Dynasty also established state and county schools one after another. Therefore, the main reason why emperors actively promoted their studies constituted schools. The purpose of learning advocated by the emperor is to cultivate talents who can save the country and save the world, hoping to bring back the dead and bring disadvantages. Therefore, it is urgent to set up a large number of schools in a short time, and his ideal of running a school is to seek "ruling the country and leveling the world", in other words, to pursue the realm of "being sage inside and being king outside", which is essentially different from the ultimate ideal of local scholars in promoting academics. The following is an exposition of the study of emperors in the Song Dynasty.

(1) Injong:

At the beginning of the founding of the Song Dynasty, although Taizu and Taizong advocated Confucianism, they did not attach importance to local official studies. In addition, Mao Zedong has adopted a policy of "bullying the weak with the strong" and "valuing literature over martial arts" politically. Although it successfully solved the problem of Fan Zhen's separatist regime in the Tang Dynasty, it also caused the bane of top-heavy and weak accumulation in the future. These disadvantages began to appear gradually when he was benevolent. The political discipline in the Song Dynasty was unclear, with internal troubles and foreign invasion, and bandits were rampant. It can be said that domestic troubles and foreign invasion are unstoppable. At that time, the imperial court wanted to overcome all kinds of difficulties, and the way to cure the problem still needed talents. However, the lack of imperial examination system at that time made it impossible to select suitable talents after 80 years. Because the imperial examination system in the Song Dynasty followed the Sui and Tang Dynasties, taking scholars as the test is the style of writing, taking scholars as the fu, referring to people who can show off their articles, and there are few talents who can help the world, which is difficult to meet the needs of Renzong in the face of difficulties. Therefore, Renzong adopted Fan Zhongyan's suggestion in Qing Dynasty, and changed the method of cultivating scholars, starting with cultivating talents. However, the reform of Renzong was frustrated by Fan Zhongyan's resignation, and the dilemma of Song Dynasty remained unresolved, which led to the reform of Wang Anshi in Zongshen Dynasty.

(2) Zongshen:

After Zongshen was in power, he adopted Wang Anshi's idea for reform. Wang Anshi's educational reform thought is basically similar to Fan Zhongyan's. The purpose of Wang Anshi's political reform is to cultivate the talents needed by the country, that is, to govern the country and level the world. He believed that what he learned in the world should be used for practical purposes, but at that time, education was the opposite. This article only pays attention to its chapters and sentences, but ignores the meaning of the article. All the talents in the world spend their energy on learning and memory, but they can't contribute to the country. Moreover, Wang Anshi thought that the way of selecting scholars at that time, whether it was a pedant of virtue, founder, scholar, nine classics or five classics, was not a good long-term method. We should pay attention to the cultivation of talents, so as to have a stable source of talents and meet the needs of talents. However, Wang Anshi's thought was not adopted by Renzong until Zongshen. Therefore, we can say that the basic idea of learning advocated by Zongshen Dynasty is to cultivate scholars, integrate scholars and replace imperial examinations with school education, but this will be implemented in Wang Chaocai, Hui Zong.

(3) Hui Zong:

In Hui Zong dynasty, the idea of the two reforms before the rain was the same, but the purpose of education was expanded. In addition to cultivating talents, it also has the intention of good customs. The idea of cultivating talents is the same as before the rain, hoping to cultivate practical talents, but at the same time, we also hope that through the role of education, the people's customs will be clean and the politics will be clear. Perhaps it is because Wang Anshi only paid attention to talents and ignored their character in the political reform, which led to poor political reform, but his original intention was to improve. However, it was also from Huizong Dynasty that foreign students (state and county students) were specially admitted to Biyong, which connected local official schools with central official schools. It was only in the Northern Song Dynasty that the school system from local to central was established. So far, we can say that in order to meet the needs of educational reform, san huang in the Northern Song Dynasty set up a large number of state and county schools, and followed the same idea, trying to make up for the shortcomings of the imperial examination system.

(4) the emperor:

Gaozong was the only emperor who strongly advocated learning in the Southern Song Dynasty. After the Jingkang Rebellion, the study of counties and counties can be said to exist in name only because of the mutiny disaster. When the Song Dynasty crossed the south, the court was unable to take care of it. It was not until the twelfth or fourteenth year of Emperor Gaozong Shaoxing that the local official school was officially rebuilt. Perhaps it was because Song and Jin had already made peace, and the Song Dynasty had a little respite, so the court was able to revitalize culture and education, and the purpose of Emperor Gaozong's study was different from the other three. The main purpose of Gao Zong's advocacy of learning is to "become a common name", because there were many cultural differences between the aborigines in the south and the immigrants in the north when the Song Dynasty moved south. In order to solve this problem, Gao Zong became the emperor of the Southern Song Dynasty, and he established a large number of county schools.

2, local officials to learn:

In the development of state and county education in Song Dynasty, besides the emperor, local officials also shared education with roommates. However, no matter what the situation, the image of local officials in local official studies is remarkable. After all, even if the emperor promoted schools, the real implementers were local officials, and the care of local officials directly affected the success or failure of school education. What's more, for local officials to actively promote learning. Therefore, we also discussed the influence of local officials on state and county research. The so-called local officials include state and county heads and their staff. In terms of state studies, the main focus of study is the county magistrate (knowing prefecture, magistrate of a county, military supervisor), followed by judges, professors and other staff. The key to studying in a county school lies in the county magistrate or magistrate. Some local officials ignore education for two main reasons. First, the local government can't afford to study politics, because the funds of state and county schools in Song Dynasty adopted the "school land system", which mainly came from the school land (school property), not the court. Therefore, the quality of local economy will naturally affect the ability of local governments to distribute school property. Of course, in the case of insufficient local financial resources and limited funds, the development of the school will naturally be limited. Second, the work of local officials is more complicated. For example, the county magistrate has to be in charge of both prison proceedings and academic affairs, and it is often impossible to take care of both. These are the objective factors that state and county school education has not been valued by local officials, and another subjective factor of local officials can not be ignored, that is, some officials do not advocate the concept of learning. Generally speaking, as long as they are local officials with Jinshi background, most of them will actively promote learning, but those officials with no background or shady background also attach importance to culture and education, but the number is much smaller. Why do people from Jinshi pay more attention to cultural education? The reason is probably related to the deep influence of Confucianism, which holds that administration puts education first and strongly advocates learning. In other words, the motivation of local officials to promote learning is different from that of the emperor. The purpose of emperor's study is to cultivate talents under the pressure of the situation, while the main purpose of local officials' study is ethics and good manners and customs. In other words, the study of emperors is to "govern the people" for the sake of "being king from outside", while the study of local officials is to "cultivate one's morality", that is, "being holy from inside".

(4) Breakthrough in the study of states and counties in Song Dynasty:

In Song Dynasty, at least 27 1 states established state schools, and at least 57 1 counties established county schools. There must have been many problems to be solved when so many local schools were to be established, among which funds and teachers were the most important. This is also a breakthrough in the school education system in the Song Dynasty. To establish and develop state and county education, we must solve the problem of funds, otherwise there will be no place for heroes even if we have good intentions to promote learning. The academic system in the Tang Dynasty could not develop steadily because there was no stable and reliable financial support. The farmland system in the Song Dynasty was just to solve this problem.

Since the lack of stable financial resources will make the development of school education difficult, it is a radical solution to find stable financial resources for schools and make them have fixed funds. In the Tang Dynasty, according to its nature, the funding sources of school education can be divided into three types: 1, national treasury appropriation 2, debt tax revenue 3, minister donation until Song Renzong began to grant school fields. Most of the school fields granted by officials came from lost, abandoned and idle fields and official fields, so as to give the school its own fields (the school fields belong to official fields), and recruit tenant farmers to farm and collect rent. However, the reason why Renzong used the school field as the fund to maintain the school may be that since the founding of the Northern Song Dynasty, a large number of fields were abandoned due to war, and there were still many abandoned fields until Renzong's time. Therefore, if some abandoned fields are zoned out as study fields, it can not only improve the utilization rate of land, but also solve the financial resources of state and county schools, which is a method for the Song Dynasty at that time. However, during the Southern Song Dynasty, due to the rapid increase of population and the shortage of cultivated land in rural areas, it was difficult for schools to obtain school property through official funding. However, the way of traditional Chinese studies in the Southern Song Dynasty was not limited to official allocation. As far as state schools are concerned, unofficial academic production generally comes from two sources: 1, where the county magistrate or professor invests the land for the school, and 2, where villagers donate money to buy the land for the school. In contrast, there are many ways to obtain academic production in the county, which can be roughly divided into five types: official distribution, official purchase, joint purchase of officials and people, private purchase and public donation. Of course, there will be other sources of funds besides academic production, but this kind of funds will appear different phenomena because of different places. In other words, from the point of view of funds, the central government of the Song Dynasty was in an auxiliary position in state and county education and entrusted local governments with greater responsibilities.

Now let's talk about teachers. As far as national schools are concerned, the educational reform of Shen Zongxi's flourishing age is a demarcation point. Prior to this, such as the Tang Dynasty and the early Song Dynasty, the appointment of teachers in state schools was mainly to let counties choose their own teachers, and the court was not responsible for dispatching them. However, in Zongshen, Wang Anshi's political reform promoted the educational reform, and the court took the initiative to select academic officials. Since then, the court has actively solved the problem of teachers in public schools. However, there are two ways to select academic officials sent by the imperial court: courtiers' recommendation and academic officials' examination held by the imperial court. The qualification of academic officials has gradually developed the concept that learners may not be able to teach, and began to have academic official examinations to ensure the quality of academic officials, which is fairer than the recommendation of officials. Therefore, from Zongshen to the Southern Song Dynasty, the imperial court sent officials only after the official examination. Only after Zongshen's death, the Empress Dowager was in power during the Yuan You period of Zhezong, and when Emperor Gaozong of the Southern Song Dynasty was in Shao for five to twelve years, the rest adopted the imperial examination system.

Compared with the emperor's emphasis on and planning for Chinese studies, county schools have no such treatment, and the teachers of county schools are still solved by themselves. Most of the teachers come from: 1, and they are taught by people who serve as county magistrates or aides; 2. The magistrate of a county hires county chairs by himself, not all counties arrange them; 3. Senior students also hold teaching posts; 4. County schools can be organized by students, but they have to take exams. Moreover, the Southern Song Dynasty and the Northern Song Dynasty are all natural, and there is no way of mind and progress.

Figure 3: Appointment of state school teachers in Song Dynasty:

From the early Song Dynasty to Renzong Li Qing Renzong Li Qing to Yingzong Zongshen Zhe Zongyuan Youzhe lived in Shaoxing Gaozong Shaoxing for five to twelve years and Gaozong Shaoxing for twelve years.

The main way to appoint local officials is to hire local officials themselves. After selection, the court appointed one. One. After the official examination, the court sent officials. Two. After the local recommendation was examined by imperial academy, the government sent officials to recommend it. After the formal examination, the court sent officials to recommend them. After the formal examination, the court sent officials to recommend them.

(5) Conclusion:

County schools in Song Dynasty laid the foundation for later local official schools in China, which were deeply influenced by Song Dynasty in terms of school equipment, temple academic system, land system and even site selection. In addition, the relationship between schools and imperial examinations deserves attention. Although the Northern Song Dynasty stipulated that the imperial examination should be restricted by school education first, and even hoped to abolish the imperial examination and replace it with school education, this phenomenon was not successful. Unfortunately, it lasted until the Ming Dynasty. Although there was an idea in Song Dynasty that imperial examinations should be taught by schools, schools could not start with imperial examinations (election records of Ming Dynasty). We still haven't reached the goal of cultivating practical talents in the Song Dynasty.

The Origin and Rise of Academies in Song Dynasty

(A) the origin of the college

The word "academy" originated in the Tang Dynasty and first appeared in the Kaiyuan period of Xuanzong in the Tang Dynasty (7 13-74 1), which has been around for more than 200 years. According to historical records, the earliest names of "academies" at that time were Li Zheng Academy and Jixian Temple Academy, both of which were formally established. At that time, they were only used as places for the imperial court to collect books and proofread books, rather than educational institutions to educate scholars. However, when it comes to Jixian Temple Academy, we can't help but mention the imperial palace's book sorting movement during the reign of Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty (685-762 AD). It turned out that after the establishment of the Tang Dynasty, on the one hand, it inherited the books collected by the Sui government, on the other hand, it bought books from the people and ordered people to record the collection. However, due to the lack of systematic arrangement of these books, the situation of books was very serious in the early years of Kaiyuan. So Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty personally initiated the activity of sorting out the books in the museum, and Jixian Academy appeared in this activity. Yuhai, Wang Yinglin: "In the spring of the 11th year of Kaiyuan, Li Zheng Academy was built outside Guang Shun Gate of Daming Palace. In the midsummer, Hou Guoxing, a bachelor of imperial edict, gave lectures on Zhuangzi, Laozi of Zhouyi, and gave wine diligently. " In the thirteenth year of Kaiyuan, it was changed to Jixian Temple Academy. There are bachelor's degree, straight bachelor's degree, lecturer, editor, proofreader and book reader. Bachelor of Jixian College, in order to identify the national ceremony, he is ready to be handled by counselors and collect ancient and modern classics. Wherever books are left in the world, where talents are hidden, ask them for advice. When there are strategies to be applied, writing is feasible for the substitute, and it is extended by testing the comparison between his academic ability and talent. Those who undertake to write articles and arrange classics will enter classes at the end of the month and take exams at the end of the year. "("Tang Liu Dian "Volume 9). Therefore, the original task of the academy was only to help the emperor understand the classics, recommend talents, and put forward some suggestions for the emperor's reference and selection, which was essentially different from the later academy. Therefore, Li Zheng Academy and Jixian Temple Academy, founded in the Tang Dynasty, were the earliest institutions named after "Academy" in ancient China, and the "Academy" mentioned later also originated here, but Li Zheng Academy and Jixian Temple Academy were only the beginning of the name of "Academy", not the beginning of Academy as an educational institution. Nevertheless, in the prosperous Tang Dynasty with splendid culture, the appearance of this official academic institution had an important influence on bureaucrats and literati at that time. During the Zhenyuan period in Tang Dezong (785-805 AD), some private academies appeared, but they were all small in scale and few in number, mainly reading, supplemented by lectures. According to the literature, there were 34 academies in the Tang Dynasty. The truly meaningful academy is Lushan Guo Xue, also known as Bailudong Academy in the Song Dynasty, which was built in the Southern Tang Dynasty in the Five Dynasties.