Keywords: intellectual education, life education, campus culture construction, classroom teaching
Due to the high development of market economy, in China's current society, family education, school education and social education focus on exam-oriented education while ignoring life education, which leads to frequent incidents in which primary and secondary school students ignore and hurt their lives in recent years. For children with mental retardation, due to congenital physical defects, there are many inconveniences in life and study, and they are often discriminated against, which is prone to psychological problems such as inferiority and paranoia. Without a correct understanding and awe of life, it is difficult to understand the value and significance of life, which leads to the social phenomenon that they hurt themselves and others. Therefore, educating students with mental retardation to care for and respect life is the need to return to the essence of education and one of the important contents of intellectual education.
First, the significance of life education in intellectual education
The essence of education is service. Serving students' lifelong happiness is the lofty mission and ultimate goal of education. Ushinski, a famous educator, said: "The main purpose of education is to make students happy, and this kind of happiness cannot be sacrificed for any irrelevant interests. This is of course beyond doubt. " Life is the foundation of human beings, and paying attention to life is the inevitable requirement of human development. If education is to be "people-oriented", we must pay attention to people's life world. People exist in the way of life. Without life, everything would be impossible. Education pays attention to the growth and development of people, which is essentially the growth and development of life; Life is the starting point and destination of education. Therefore, "people-oriented" education should first be based on people's lives. Life is concrete and unique, and every life has its own characteristics and attributes different from other life individuals, so it is irreplaceable.
"The goal of life education should be to inspire life intelligence, deepen value introspection and integrate knowledge with practice. Its scope should cover the whole life and its whole course, so as to help citizens (especially young students) establish a complete outlook on life and values, internalize and cultivate their personality and sentiment. " Life education is to guide students to correctly understand the value of human life, cultivate students' humanistic spirit, understand the true meaning of life, stimulate students' pursuit of ideals and beliefs, and nourish students' gratitude. "People-oriented" and building a harmonious society are the important connotations of Scientific Outlook on Development. Under the background of the new curriculum reform and the in-depth development of quality education in schools with mental retardation, life education in schools with mental retardation has become an important topic worthy of discussion.
A child with mental retardation is a child first, a manifestation of the uniqueness of human life and a living person. Based on the existence of human life, children with mental retardation have the value, significance and dignity of human life and should enjoy all human rights. 1 However, for a long time, prejudice against the development of children with mental retardation and negative educational expectations have made them in a weak and subordinate position in society, regarded as the burden of family and society, and discriminated by many people. Education is an effective activity to awaken people's life consciousness. The cultivation of life consciousness can not only make mentally retarded students deeply realize the value of life, but also cultivate their rich life feelings and strong life consciousness.
Life education is an educational activity to help students know, cherish, respect and care for life and improve their survival skills and quality of life. As special educators, we should not only educate children with mental retardation like ordinary school students, but also pay attention to their individual life consciousness in educational activities to help them improve their wisdom of survival and life. Understanding, cherishing, respecting and caring for life is not only the important foundation of special education, but also the bounden duty and pursuit of special education.
Second, carry out life education and build a harmonious campus.
1. Create a safe and healthy campus environment
A school is a place for teaching and educating people. We should first provide students with a safe and healthy environment and build a solid line of defense for the safety of teachers and students. The more schools are managed, the more students feel safe and the more harmonious the society is. Campus safety work should implement the school leadership responsibility system, that is, the principal responsibility system. Incorporate into the scope of school target management, formulate detailed rules for target management, and establish a safety responsibility system covering all aspects of work. It is necessary to establish and improve the internal safety management rules and regulations of schools, formulate emergency plans for school safety accidents, effectively strengthen school safety work through internal personnel deployment, and improve the school safety prevention mechanism. Carefully organize and inspect the implementation of internal safety management systems such as doorman, duty and patrol, strengthen the management of campus safety accidents, do a good job in a safe campus, provide a good educational environment for campus life education, and lay a solid foundation for building a harmonious campus.
2. Carry out personalized and life-oriented life education.
Life education should be personalized education. The world in a grain of sand. In the world, everyone is a unique individual and has a unique self and spiritual world. Only by proceeding from everyone's physical, psychological and ideological reality can the life education of mentally retarded students be targeted and fundamentally improve the individual's life value and quality of life.
Life is the source of life, and life care without life is powerless. Life is the foundation of life, and life is the expression of life. Paying attention to life is caring for life. Life education should pay attention to students' daily life, carry out in-depth and meticulous ideological work, take practical and effective measures to help them solve doubts, solve practical problems, relieve their economic, study and life pressures, cultivate good psychological quality and improve their ability to cope with life.
Attach importance to life education activities, give full play to the role of the school as the main classroom, main position and main channel, actively integrate all kinds of resources, organically integrate life education and gratitude education, and carry out colorful gratitude education activities and implement life education through various forms such as subject infiltration, theme class meeting activities and social practice activities. Gratitude is an important theme in human spiritual life and a normal state of thought and emotion recognized by secular society. Teach students to respect, care, tolerate and live together. Only by caring about each other's lives can we exist, and only by caring about others can we truly enhance our own life value.
3. Create a good school spirit and promote the healthy growth of students.
Students' life education can not be separated from a good campus cultural atmosphere. School spirit is an important content of campus culture construction, and it is also an important condition that affects students' psychological development. Excellent school spirit will subtly optimize students' psychological quality. For example, unity and diligence are the soil for students to cultivate group cohesion and collective sense of honor, which is conducive to maintaining harmonious interpersonal relationships and promoting mutual communication and help among students. At the same time, colorful campus cultural activities help to cultivate students' positive and optimistic attitude towards life and healthy and cheerful emotional characteristics. Therefore, schools should attach importance to the construction of campus culture, carry out various forms of cultural and sports activities and academic activities, form a healthy and upward atmosphere, refine the excellent campus culture connotation with school characteristics, and provide students with a relaxed and harmonious campus environment, which will help students deepen their self-awareness, fully develop their personality and improve their adaptability.
Third, use classroom teaching resources to expand the connotation of life education.
The main position of life education is the classroom, and teachers should consciously infiltrate life consciousness in classroom teaching. According to the "Experimental Program of Curriculum Setting for Schools with Mental Retardation" promulgated by the Ministry of Education in 2007, we can give full play to the advantages of general subjects such as life language, art leisure, sports health care and music rhythm in teaching activities, provide lively life education for students of different grades, levels and stages, and fully tap the rich life education contents contained in elective courses such as rehabilitation, art leisure and school-based courses. For example, in life language class, students can learn to appreciate the beautiful things in life, learn to know life, realize the importance of harmonious coexistence between man and nature, man and society, and man and the collective, and form a healthy aesthetic interest and a positive attitude towards life; The life adaptation course enhances students' self-care ability and ability to adapt to family, school and community life, and helps students form good living habits and interpersonal skills; Rehabilitation classes encourage students to persist in training, make up for their defects in movement, perception and speech, cultivate students with mental retardation with optimistic attitude towards life and strong will to struggle ... integrate life education into the teaching of various subjects, and let students with mental retardation learn to cherish, respect and love life through various forms of experience and sentiment. At the same time, we should make full use of class meetings, speeches under the national flag, theme lectures, games, escape drills, campus publicity and other forms to carry out adolescent education, safety education, mental health education, environmental education, legal education and so on. For students with mental retardation, let students feel life, enjoy happiness and love life in rich activities.
Fourth, create a harmonious classroom atmosphere and cultivate positive life emotions.
Individuals' affirmation and pleasure in their own lives, sympathy and care for others' lives and even the whole life world are all life emotions. Positive life emotion is exciting, caring, the driving force of life and the source of happiness. Negative life emotion means the denial of life, the hopelessness of the meaning of life, and the resulting depression of life state. Due to physical defects, mentally retarded students are under much greater pressure from family, society and interpersonal communication in their study and life than normal people, and are often denied and criticized. Too many failures and blows have caused them to form negative self-consciousness, such as inferiority, retreat and lack of self-motivation. However, every mentally retarded child should also have the right to happiness and happiness. Positive life emotion can promote the healthy development of mentally retarded children in all aspects and compensate their physical defects. Therefore, the cultivation of students' positive life emotion should be strengthened in classroom teaching.
1. Teachers should be good at discovering the bright spots of students with mental retardation and let them realize the happiness and value of life. Teachers should care about every mentally retarded student with an appreciative eye and an equal attitude: some students are not good at Chinese, but good at mathematics; Some people can't learn math, but singing is very nice; Some people can't learn culture classes, but they love sports; Some care about the collective; Some people love labor. ...
2. Teachers should set an example, be a teacher by example, and infect and influence students with sincere love, cheerful mood, ingenious methods and noble behavior. For example, students are often organized to listen to the heroic deeds of flood fighting and disaster relief and the good deeds of helping others to cultivate and nourish their hearts. Let them feel the preciousness of life in their activities, and guide them to do more good deeds and think more about others in their lives.
3. Teachers should use their brains to organize and guide students to actively participate in various activities, such as group trips to parks, voluntary labor, birthday parties, performances, paper-cutting competitions, homemade greeting cards, etc. In rich activities, students can learn to appreciate, respect and care, and experience the beauty of life in rich activities. With the deepening of study and the accumulation of aesthetic experience, students with mental retardation can also learn to appreciate life, learn to cherish life, and achieve the purpose of improving their feelings and awareness of life.
Fifth, home-school cooperation to improve students' quality of life
The most fundamental goal of receiving education for students with mental retardation is to adapt to the society, stand on the society, stand on their own feet, and integrate into the mainstream society with an aggressive, optimistic and cheerful attitude towards life. According to the cognitive and developmental characteristics of children with mental retardation, we should pay special attention to the education of their life purpose and attitude, cultivate them to form good study, life and behavior habits, take good care of themselves, be honest, do things seriously, live happily and realize their self-worth to the maximum extent. Schools can set up interest groups such as singing and dancing, sports and fine arts to develop students' specialties, encourage students to participate, enhance their self-confidence and form a positive attitude towards life. In class meetings, festivals, social practice, home-school mutual assistance and other activities, cultivate students with mental retardation's sense of participation and responsibility, so that they can understand that they are also members of the family and society and can contribute to the family and society through their own actions.
In teaching, teachers can set up a variety of life scenes to continuously improve students' self-care ability and self-service ability. Combined with important festivals such as May 1, June 1, Father's Day and Mother's Day, parents are invited to enter the classroom and participate in the theme activities of "I love my family", so that students can learn to be grateful to their parents, care for their families and do more work for their families. On weekends, students can be arranged to complete some behavioral homework, such as going to the supermarket, buying food and washing vegetables, entertaining guests, visiting nursing homes and so on. Enable students with mental retardation to gain life experience and experience happiness in social practice. In addition, we should attach importance to the joint efforts of home and school, and the school regularly holds parents' open days, parent training, parent meetings and so on. Help parents understand the physical and mental characteristics and emotional needs of students with mental retardation, and jointly cultivate students to develop good manners and healthy attitudes towards life, happily and confidently integrate into social life and realize the value of life.
In a word, infiltrating life education into daily classroom teaching can promote the formation of healthy psychology of mentally retarded students, promote the cultivation of positive life emotions of mentally retarded students, and promote the cultivation of self-care ability and good behavior habits of mentally retarded students. Therefore, teachers should put the individual development and perfection of mentally retarded students in the first place. In classroom teaching, we should integrate life consciousness education into the study and life of mentally retarded students, penetrate into their hearts, and let them learn and master the necessary survival skills, learn to cherish life, learn to enjoy the beauty of life, and happily and harmoniously integrate into the social family.