1, Socrates method
Also known as midwifery. Socrates believes that truth exists in people's minds in a potential form, and the main task of teachers is not to impart ready-made knowledge, but to eliminate all mistakes and vague understandings through conversation and discussion, awaken students' consciousness and discover the truth. Socrates method is such a way of dialogue and debate between teachers and students.
smart people
Originally, it generally refers to smart and talented people. From the middle and late 5th century BC, wise men were gradually used to refer to those who taught people scientific knowledge such as eloquence and earned a living by charging a certain tuition fee. They engaged in educational activities among the ancient Greek city-states, recruited disciples and spread knowledge, and were the earliest professional teachers in the West.
3, the king of philosophy
The king of philosophy is the highest goal of Latour's education. They have profound attainments in philosophy. Influenced by the educational practice in Sparta and Athens, Siratu designed a pyramid-like educational system, and the king of philosophy was the philosopher and politician at the top of the pyramid.
4.utopia. Antonym of DYSTOPIA
Plato's representative works involve all aspects of his ideological system, including philosophy, ethics, education, literature and art, politics and so on, but mainly discuss the so-called "just country". In the era of Plato's life, the Greek city-state began to have a crisis, so he paid attention to exploring a universal question: what principles should be established and what specific measures should be taken to establish an ideal country? In essence, this kind of country can not only overcome the inherent "disadvantages" of some city-states (such as Athens), but also serve as a "model" that all city-states (even foreign countries) should follow. Perhaps this is the main topic that Plato faced and thought when he tried his best to construct his own ideal country.
5. Soul theory
Aristotle believes that soul and body are inseparable, and all life is the perfect combination of soul and body. So Aristotle divided human soul into three parts: plant soul, animal soul and rational soul. Education and training are the most effective ways to fully develop the three parts of human soul.
6. Pentathlon
Running, jumping, wrestling, discus and javelin. Originally originated from the Spartan city-state, Spartans used this sport to train soldiers, making them develop in an all-round and coordinated way in dexterity, accuracy, physical strength, endurance and speed.
7. "Seven Arts"
The first three arts: grammar, rhetoric and dialectics were all founded by the wise.
Plato divided his subjects into junior and senior categories according to the principle of "exercising with gymnastics and cultivating the mind with music". Primary school physical education class includes games and several sports; In addition to music and dance in a narrow sense, music in primary school subjects also includes cultural subjects such as reading, writing and arithmetic. Advanced subjects mainly include arithmetic, geometry, astronomy and music-the last four arts.
8. grammar school
9. Rhetoric school
The school focuses on cultivating speakers and speakers. In terms of educational content, rhetoric school focuses on oratory, debate and literature, rhetoric and logic. In the history of cultural education in western Europe, the credit for laying the foundation of "three arts" (grammar, rhetoric and dialectics) should belong to them. Rhetoric schools charge students tuition fees in the form of running schools.
10, monastery school
In the early Middle Ages, with the continuous expansion of Christianity's activities to spread its teachings, Christianity began to establish the Baekje School, and other pagan schools were also incorporated. The Christian church has the leadership of education, and the educational content is permeated with the spirit of religious theology. At that time, the educational facilities of the Christian-controlled church were: monastery school, bishop school and parish school.
1 1, Archbishop's School
Christian Bishop School is located in the location of the bishop. The nature and level of the school is similar to that of a monastery school. The school is well-equipped and rich in subject content, but the number is limited.
12, parish school
Parish schools are located in the city and village where the church is located, often in the foyer of the church or the pastor's home. The school is small in scale and mainly faces the children of ordinary residents. By the late Middle Ages, parochial schools developed rapidly and became the most common form of school education in Western Europe in the Middle Ages.
13, knight education
In the hierarchy of feudal society in western Europe, knights were the lowest nobility and the basic armed forces of feudal society. Knight education for the purpose of cultivating knights came into being. Because of the role of knights in feudal society, knight education has become an important part of secular feudal education.
The content of learning is mainly "Seven Skills of Knight", ignoring cultural knowledge such as reading, writing and calculation, instilling the idea of obedience and loyalty into the feudal ruling class, so as to cultivate brave knights who are good at fighting, loyal to the monarch and respect the Lord. The Ten Commandments of Learning Knights includes: Prayer; Get rid of sin; Defend the church; Protecting orphans and children; Travel around; Take part in the war; Fight for your sweetheart; Defend justice; Love god; Obey the master.
14, Seven Arts of Knight
Riding, swimming, throwing guns, fencing, hunting and playing chess.
15, scholasticism
The original meaning is "thoughts in universities", which is actually a kind of Christian philosophy and the dominant school of philosophy in this century. It came into being in the 8th-9th century and prevailed in12-13rd century. It is a speculative philosophy, which demonstrates Christian belief in a rational form through abstract and complicated dialectical methods and serves religious theology. In the 1 1 century, it was gradually divided into realism and nominalism. The characteristic of scholasticism is that it is divorced from reality, does not study objective reality and insists on the definition of metaphor.
16, Medieval University
Medieval universities are the direct product of civil society, and their red weaving forms come from the organizational forms of cities and guilds. At that time, the formation and development of various guild organizations in western European cities laid the foundation for the organization of universities. The original university institutions, that is, students' guild and teachers' guild. The characteristic of medieval universities is autonomy, that is, the school's affairs are basically managed by the school itself.
Medieval universities had some privileges. Its leadership system is divided into two types: one is a "student" university, where students are responsible for school affairs, and the other is a "gentleman" university, where teachers are generally responsible for school affairs. University courses mainly include liberal arts, law, theology and medicine, and a degree system has initially formed.
17, guild education
Guild is a group of businessmen and craftsmen in medieval western Europe, and guild education played an important role in the implementation of vocational and technical education in the Middle Ages. With the development of state power, guilds are gradually controlled by state power; Due to the specialization and mechanization of industry, the importance of apprenticeship is weakening day by day, and guild education is gradually replaced by ordinary primary and secondary education and special education.
18, apprentice
A system under which people who want to engage in a particular industry must work under and serve the master for a period of time, and the master must teach them the skills of their own industry or branch of industry during this period. Apprenticeship had a remarkable democratic spirit in its early days, but it gradually turned into oligarchy.
19, City School
The emergence of urban schools has an important relationship with the formation of the new citizen class. The course content of city schools is mainly the basic knowledge of reading, writing and calculation, as well as the knowledge related to handicrafts and commerce, and some vocational training is carried out. There are two main types of urban schools. One is the school set up by the craftsmen's guild, the guild school. Guilds are made up of people in the same industry. The official member is called Hangdong, and there are helpers and apprentices under Hangdong.
Guild schools mainly train artists, teach reading, writing and arithmetic knowledge, and also conduct religious education and teach in Mandarin. If you become a helper after the apprenticeship expires, you can work in our guild or other guilds. After work training and skill improvement, I have my own products, which are recognized by experienced masters, become craftsmen and end the whole study.
Another kind of school is established by Chirt, an industry organization composed of businessmen, and is called Chirt School. Both types of schools belong to the nature of primary schools. 1 1 century later, with the rise of cities, urban schools have also developed further. Teaching reading, writing and arithmetic mainly in mother tongue.
20. Humanities education
Humanism is a new culture and new trend of thought put forward by emerging bourgeois thinkers in the European Renaissance. It represents the interests and demands of the bourgeoisie, takes bourgeois individualism as the core, advocates "people" as the center, and praises the value and strength of "people".
Oppose the supremacy of divinity advocated by the feudal church; Demanding freedom, equality and individual liberation, and opposing the oppression and bondage of people by medieval religious shackles and feudal hierarchy; Affirm the happiness and happiness of this life, and oppose the asceticism and the idea of being born advocated by the church; It advocates science and rationality, and opposes obscurantism advocated by feudal churches and scholasticism.
2 1, class teaching system
Class teaching system is a form of rectification in which students are divided into different classes according to their age and knowledge level, and all students in the same class are taught the same content by one teacher at the same time.
22. Public primary and secondary schools
Public schools refer to elite private schools in Britain. Not that it is set up by the government, but that schools can openly enroll students, not just limited to specific religions, races or regions. In addition, the early public schools were open to the children of the poor, because many children of the rich had private teachers. However, today, most of the students trained by the long-established British public schools are elites in various fields in Britain, and the tuition fees are very expensive, which ordinary people simply cannot afford.
Vitorino.
Italian educator. He was a professor of rhetoric at the University of Padua. 1423 was invited to establish a court school and taught for 22 years.
Vitorino believes that a beautiful environment, beautiful scenery, quiet and orderly is one of the important conditions for running a good school, and children's body and mind will develop harmoniously in a good learning environment and a pleasant atmosphere. Vitorino advocates the education that pays equal attention to both body and mind, morality, intelligence and physique, and combines the development of children's personality with the cultivation of social responsibility.
He attaches great importance to sports and thinks that healthy body is the foundation of students' intellectual development. He often lets students practice riding, fencing, wrestling, swimming and playing various games. In intellectual education, extensive study of Latin and Greek classical literature is the basis of intellectual education, and a wide range of courses centered on classical literature are offered. Study mathematics, astronomy, history and natural science. The abolition of rote learning in medieval schools requires students to study consciously and create independently.
24. Universal wisdom theory
Pan-intellectual education is an important educational thought of Comenius. Comenius attached great importance to the study of "universal wisdom" in his educational activities. In his view, the basic function of school education should be to give people extensive knowledge education. Education should teach all mankind everything. In order to publicize and implement the idea of "pan-intellectual education", he wrote the Preface of Pan-intellectual Education, and established a "pan-intellectual school" in Hungary, and made a detailed plan.
25, "Great Teaching Theory" (milestone)
The Great Teaching Theory is the first systematic and complete pedagogy work in the history of western education, which comprehensively discusses the value of human beings, the purpose and function of education, the disadvantages of old education, the necessity and possibility of reforming education, the academic system, teaching methods, physical education, moral education and religious education. School management, etc.
26, the principle of education to adapt to nature
The guiding principle of education put forward by Comenius is fully reflected in his masterpiece On Great Teaching. The main meaning is: the universal law of nature, human activities must obey the universal law of nature; Educational work with educating people as its main task must also follow the laws of nature in order to be reliable and reasonable. Comenius' specific teaching principle is based on this principle.
27, gentleman education, practical education
Locke's educational theory was put forward in his masterpiece "Random Talk on Education". The goal of gentleman education is to cultivate all kinds of social activists and entrepreneurs who are healthy and psychologically sound. Locke proposed that a gentleman should have four qualities: morality, intelligence, courtesy and learning. This reflects the demand for elite talents in the process of social modernization in Britain, and it is the ideal of self-study of the upstart British bourgeoisie, which became the dominant concept of public education and teaching at that time.
28. Education is omnipotent.
Helvetius's argument. Helvetius believes that education plays a decisive role in people's growth, and denies innate ideas. He believes that all human spiritual activities and human understanding come from the sensory feelings of external things. He denied the individual differences between people and asserted that the formation of people is only the result of education, and the intellectual differences between people are only caused by education.
On the other hand, he believes that man is the product of environment and education, and the transformation of man must transform the environment; On the other hand, people's prejudice rules the world, and it is necessary to transform people's prejudice to transform the environment, that is, to transform society through education, so they advocate that education is omnipotent.
29. Natural persons
Rousseau believes that before the emergence of private ownership and state, human beings lived in a "natural state". At this time, people are called "natural people", enjoying natural freedom and equal rights, political freedom, economic equality and simple human nature.
30. Law of Natural Consequences
3 1, university promotion activities
32. Kindness
Floppel designed and produced a set of toys and homework tools for children's games and homework, including colored fluffy balls, activity balls, cubes and cylinders, which are suitable for children aged 1-3; Various building blocks suitable for children aged 3-7.
33. University view
34. Intuition ABC (three elements of intuition)
Through research, Pestaloch believes that everything contains three elements: shape, quantity and name. Therefore, observing things or teaching must first grasp these three elements.
35. Primary teaching methods
Educational psychology
37. New Education Movement (New School Movement)
38. Progressive education movement
39. Butler Act
1944, the British parliament passed the education bill submitted by education minister butler, which was called 1944 education law. The main contents of this law include: (1) the establishment of the Ministry of Education to replace the original Education Committee; The length of compulsory education is limited to 5- 15 years old, of which 5- 10 and a half years old belongs to the primary education stage.
(1) The statutory public education system consists of three interrelated stages: primary education, secondary education and continuing education.
(2) Reorganize private schools, and everyone can freely choose to become different types of public-assisted private schools.
(3) Local education authorities must provide formal education for people over compulsory education age and provide adequate facilities for organized cultural practice and entertainment activities in their leisure time; Provide compulsory part-time education for all teenagers who have reached the age of 18 but have not received full-time secondary education or other officially recognized full-time or part-time education.
40, the principle of collective education
4 1, five-step teaching method
Dewey's inquiry and discovery teaching method.
(1) Teachers create real experience scenes for students, so that students are interested in learning about it;
(2) In this case, create a real question to stimulate thinking;
(3) Let students have knowledge and materials, and make necessary observations to deal with this problem;
(4) Students infer according to their own assumptions, so as to find a solution to the problem;
(5) Let the students have the opportunity and need to test his ideas through application, with clear meaning, and let him do his own hair.
Whether they are effective now.
42. National Defense Education Law
The federal government of the United States promulgated the National Defense Education Act on 1958. The contents include:
1. Strengthen the teaching of "new three arts" in ordinary schools, that is, the teaching of natural science, mathematics, modern foreign languages and other important subjects; It is required to update the teaching content and improve the teaching level of these subjects; Establish a science laboratory for the school; Establish a foreign language teaching center and strengthen audio-visual teaching equipment. ?
2. Strengthen vocational education. ?
3. Emphasize "gifted education".
4. Allocate a large amount of education funds.