(A) the significance of educational scientific research:

1. Carrying out educational scientific research can provide scientific basis for deepening educational reform and promote educational development.

2. Carrying out educational scientific research can provide guidance for exploring educational laws and practices.

3. Carrying out educational science research can enrich the theoretical treasure house of educational science in China and promote the development of educational science.

4. Carrying out educational research can improve the quality of teachers, promote the development of education and improve the quality of education.

(2) Basic tasks of educational scientific research:

To study and solve major theoretical and practical problems raised in the process of China's educational reform and development.

(3) Specific tasks of educational scientific research:

1. Summarize the historical experience of education

2. Investigate and study the current situation of education.

3. Thoroughly study the problems that need to be solved urgently in contemporary education.

4. Conduct educational reform experiments.

5. Carry out research to promote people's all-round development.

6. Carry out cross-cultural comparative education research.

7. Conduct research on future education prediction.

8. Conduct research on subject teaching.

Second, the concept of educational research

1. What is science?

Science is a rational and systematic knowledge system that reflects the relations and laws of objective things through logic and positivism. Science is not equal to technology. It has authenticity, logic and enthusiasm.

2. What is scientific research?

Scientific research is a cognitive process of human beings. It is a purposeful, planned and systematic process that people adopt scientific methods to understand natural and social phenomena, explore objective truth and actively transform the objective world. It is a creative activity to explore truth and solve problems.

Characteristics of scientific research: objectivity, creativity, exploration, control and continuity.

3. Educational scientific research

Educational scientific research is an activity that takes education as the research object and studies how to cultivate people. It is an activity that people explore the laws of education that have not been mastered and constantly test the laws of education that have been discovered. It is a creative activity to explore educational laws and solve educational problems.

Characteristics of educational scientific research: educational, applied, mass and lagging.

Educational scientific research is a creative cognitive activity guided by educational scientific theory, with educational forms as the object and educational laws as the purpose. To put it simply, educators study the phenomena and problems in education under the guidance of a certain theory, and find essential and regular things through superficial and scattered problems. Applying these explorations to practice, testing in practice, and being proved to be correct by practice are laws, which can guide future educational activities.

Three, educational science research methods, definitions, classification, development trend

(A) Educational scientific research methods

Educational research method: it is a modular and systematic behavior combination in the process of educational research, with scientific attitude, scientific thinking mode and strict and standardized procedures.

Its characteristics are objectivity, verifiability and repeated validity.

(B) Educational and scientific research method system

1. Philosophical level: materialist dialectics

2. General method level:

-System theory.-Bertalanfi

-Cybernetics.-Wiener

-Information Theory-Shennong

-Dissipative Structure Theory-Pligaozin

-Synergy theory.-Harken

-catastrophe theory.-Thom

3. Specific method level:

Observation, investigation, experiment, test and measurement, experience summary, literature, history, comparison, clinical, action research, ethnographic research.

(C) the development trend of educational science research methods

1. Prototype research-theoretical simulation research method

2. Stability research-jump research method

3. Direct research-indirect research method

4. Empirical research-theoretical research methods

5. Isolated research method-systematic research method.

6. Static research-dynamic research

Fourth, the principles of education and scientific research.

1. Principle of objectivity

The principle of objectivity means that in the process of educational science research, researchers should seek truth from facts according to the original appearance of objective things, and conduct research according to the characteristics and laws of subjects' physical and mental development and social life.

2. Development principle

3. Educational principles

4. System principle

5. The principle of integrating theory with practice

Five, the general process of education and scientific research in primary and secondary schools:

1. Select a research topic

Step 2 consult the literature

3. Forming research hypotheses

The hypothesis of educational research refers to the preliminary hypothesis that people put forward about the educational phenomena and laws to be studied according to the known educational scientific facts and theoretical knowledge in the process of educational science research.

The characteristics of hypothesis: conjectural, evidential, non-contradictory, explanatory and integrated.

The essence of hypothesis is speculation and conjecture based on certain practical experience and scientific theory.

The function of hypothesis: it is a bridge to put forward new experiments and form new theories; Help to determine the specific research objectives; Conducive to the formation of specific research results.

Example 1

Example 2

4. Select the research object

Sampling is the process of selecting some subjects from a population as the research object, which is called sampling. This part of the extracted object is called a sample.

The significance of sampling-scientific sampling is of great significance.

Sampling principle-the overall definition is clear, the samples are representative, and the number of samples should be appropriate.

Basic sampling methods: simple random sampling, equidistant random sampling, stratified random sampling, multistage (horizontal) random sampling, etc.

Simple random sampling refers to completely randomly selecting the subjects or research units to be studied from a certain population without any grouping or queuing.

Equidistant random sampling refers to sampling in the population and sampling at equal intervals according to the sampling requirements.

Stratified random sampling means that when sampling in the crowd, the researchers divide the crowd into several categories according to some existing standards, and each category is called a layer. Then, according to the ratio of the number of groups in each layer to the total number, the researcher determines to sample from each layer.

5. Choose research methods and types:

Basic research, applied research and development research.

According to the scope-macro research, meso research and micro research.

According to the time series-historical research, current research and forecast research.

According to the research methods-observation research, experimental research, investigation research and causal research.

According to different levels-expository research, comprehensive research and creative research.

Basic research-also known as basic theoretical research. It is a research aimed at establishing and developing a theoretical system and systematically expounding and testing various hypotheses, principles and laws.

Applied research-is the study of solving practical problems in education by using basic theoretical knowledge of education.

Development research-based on the results of basic research and applied research, aiming at forming concrete results, seeking the expression of specific technologies.

6. Make a research plan

7. Conduct research to collect facts and data.

8. Data processing, logical analysis and statistical analysis.

9. Write research papers and reports

Chapter II Preparation before Research

First, the preparation of educational research topics in primary and secondary schools

(A) the basic source of the subject:

Theory; Practice; plan

Examples of educational scientific research (planning) in primary and secondary schools;

Ideological and political education under the condition of market economy;

1. Characteristics of students' learning motivation and incentive objects

2. Students' patriotism and collective education

3. Research on the best way to praise and reward.

4. Research on the best way of criticism and punishment.

5. Students' career orientation and ideal education

The construction of teachers under the condition of market economy;

1. What are the expectations of primary and secondary school teachers, teachers' teaching motivation and research motivation?

2. Mobilize teachers' enthusiasm

3. Research on the role of the work allowance of the class teacher

4. Respect for teachers and respect for teaching conditions, reasonable boundaries.

5. Cross-century teacher qualification requirements

6. Types of teachers' efforts

Modern classroom teaching reform;

1. Research on classroom psychological environment

2. Students' preparation before class

3. The boundary of students' transitional learning

4. Happy teaching and teaching in all subjects

5. Creativity and teaching of various subjects

6. How to give full play to students' main role?

7. Cross-century students' quality research

8. The development of cross-century students' potential

9. The strategy of reducing the burden and increasing the efficiency of the class teacher

(B) the method of topic selection

Open your mind to think about topics, search for information, analyze phenomena, choose topics, collect and plan, refine experiences to form topics, and make problems into topics.

Open your heart:

(1) Is it ok to send charcoal in the snow?

(2) whether the icing on the cake can add flowers,

(3) Can you get twice the result with half the effort?

(4) Will there be any changes in the length?

(5) whether flowers can be grafted,

(6) Whether opposites can complement each other,

(7) Whether the clothes are seamless,

(8) Whether the more the better,

Problem-oriented, theme-oriented

Basic ideas: ask questions, refine topics-analyze and study problems-popularize achievements and solve problems.

Ask questions.

The practice of refining questions: listen to the evaluation class to find questions-give questions by questionnaire-reflect on the review questions-comment and summarize the questions

(C) the basic principles of topic selection

Scientific principle, value principle, creativity principle, feasibility principle and enterprising principle.

(4) Matters needing attention in topic selection

1. Pay attention to combining work and rest.

Benefits: It can improve teachers' quality, cultivate their own thinking ability, gain the support of leaders easily, help guide teaching practice and cultivate students' good behavior habits.

2. Pay attention to step by step

3. The topic should be small but not big.

Second, the writing of the research report and the demonstration of the subject.

1. Explain the meaning of the topic.

2. Theme introduction

3. Problems to be solved

4. Scientific research should have a process plan.

5. Predict possible outcomes.

Third, make a research work plan.

(A) to develop a research work plan

The expression of the subject; The purpose, significance and background of the research; Limitation of research content; Selection and explanation of research methods; Determination of research object; Determination of research procedures; Composition of research members; Prepare research tools and equipment; Research budget; The choice of expression forms of research results.

For example: national research project plan

1. Name-concise, focused, and the length of the topic cannot exceed 22 Chinese characters.

2. Introduction of the person in charge and participants-age, gender, name, education, position and achievements related to this study.

3. The basis, purpose, significance and necessity of the research topic.

4. Expound the research progress and problems at home and abroad, and provide literature retrieval.

5. The basic content and technical route of the research.

6. Expected result form

7. Important conditions for work and cooperation

8. Financial status

Fourth, prepare research tools and equipment.

Example of questionnaire design

Chapter III Methods of Collecting Data and Facts

The process of scientific research is the process of collecting, using and creating scientific research data.

Section 1 Literary Methods (Collection)

First, the basic meaning of literary law

Literature method is a research method to form a scientific understanding of objective facts by consulting, collecting, identifying, sorting out and studying documents.

Objective: To understand the whole picture of the subject, clarify the basis, grasp the concept, clarify the semantics and form a theoretical framework.

Channel: library, distributing all kinds of newspapers, magazines and online information.

Second, provide reading methods.

Browsing, extensive reading, intensive reading, selective reading and speed reading.

Third, the method of taking notes

Mark, comment, extract, abstract, take notes and summarize.

Fourth, the basic policy of using literature method.

Reconnaissance, browsing, reading and recording

Section 2 Observation (Collection)

First, the concept of observation.

Observation method is a research method to collect data and analyze perceptual data of things through purposeful and systematic observation of objective objects under natural conditions. Observation is one of the three basic methods of educational research.

Second, the characteristics of observation method:

1. Understand the problem and find the premise of the problem.

2. Generate the theoretical hypothesis of scientific research and test the means of scientific theory.

3. This is also a means to provide a complete education process.

It is a means to answer many special questions.

Third, the observation principle:

1. Principle of objectivity

It is required to observe under natural conditions, select repeatable phenomena, select typical objects, examples and observation conditions, and have scientific theoretical guidance to prevent subjectivity in observation.

2. Purpose principle

Fourth, the types of observation methods

(1) Descriptive narrative method:

Descriptive narration refers to an observation method that records the behavior and situation of the observed person in the natural state, and then classifies and analyzes the collected data to draw a conclusion.

Diary description, series records, anecdote records.

(2) Sampling observation method:

Sampling observation refers to a method of observing the observed object at a specific time stage or for a specific observation object based on time or behavior.

(3) Grade evaluation method

Digital proportional method and graphic proportional method

(4) Indirect observation method

Indirect observation means that researchers' information cannot be seen directly and must be obtained through other channels. This method of observing things through other channels is called indirect observation.

Conversation method, activity product analysis method, double story method, dilemma story method, creating situational method.

Double story method: it refers to a method of testing children by designing a pair of stories, observing and analyzing the characteristics of children's psychological development, and revealing the law of education and human development. It was first advocated by Piaget, a Swiss psychologist.

Story dilemma: it is a research method to design a story with two possible endings, put forward a moral puzzle, which contains conflicts and contradictions of specific moral values, and let the subjects answer it, so as to examine the moral level of the subjects. It was first advocated by American psychologist Kohlberg.

Creating situational method is an observation method for researchers to determine the psychological quality of subjects by creating and controlling certain situations and conditions and observing children's reaction behavior for specific research purposes. It can reduce human error and has strong objectivity.

Verb (abbreviation of verb) General requirements for implementing educational observation law

1. The observation method should be purposeful, planned and orderly.

2. Adhere to the principle of being objective and seeking truth from facts.

3. Try to be comprehensive and specific.

There should be a unified standard and center.

5. Make timely and scientific records.

Section III Investigation Methods

I. Overview of Education Survey and Questionnaire Survey

Educational investigation

Educational investigation refers to a research method that uses scientific questionnaires, interviews, reports and other forms to understand and investigate the formed educational facts, grasp the actual situation, find problems, reveal relationships and explore educational laws.

The characteristics of educational investigation are: not limited by time and space factors, naturalness of objects and diversity of means.

(2) education questionnaire survey

Education questionnaire survey is the main form of education survey.

1. questionnaire: a set of questions and materials related to the research objectives designed by the investigator and sent directly to the place where the respondent filled in.

2. Questionnaire method: also known as form filling method, refers to a method in which researchers divide the topics to be studied into detailed items, draw up a series of concise and easy-to-understand questions, prepare questionnaires with certain specifications for the subjects to fill in, and then the researchers conduct statistical analysis and processing according to the recovered answers to draw conclusions.

Characteristics of questionnaire method: there are many test factors, which are simple and easy to operate, saving time and effort; A high degree of standardization is conducive to eliminating the psychological concerns and obstacles of respondents; The sampling range is wide, and the collected data is rich in content and information.

Types of educational questionnaires.

1. Open questionnaire

Open questionnaire refers to a questionnaire that only asks questions, does not list alternative answers, and allows respondents to answer freely.

2. Closed questionnaire

Closed questionnaire refers to a questionnaire that not only asks questions, but also lists alternative answers, and limits the direction and number of respondents' answers.

3. Semi-closed questionnaire

Semi-closed questionnaire refers to a questionnaire that asks questions on the one hand and lists alternative answers and "other" columns on the other. Respondents can choose alternative answers in the questionnaire, or choose "Other" columns different from alternative answers for specific answers.

Second, the overall structure of the questionnaire

Title, record of the natural state of the object, preface, explanation, question, alternative answer and conclusion.

Third, the key technology of questionnaire survey

(1) sampling

Simple random sampling, equidistant sampling, stratified sampling, multi-layer sampling and multi-segment sampling.

Sample size. Not less than 30

Representative of samples

Sample overall range limit

(2) The definition of educational investigation elements.

Example: Investigation on learning styles of primary and secondary school students: preview, attend lectures, review and do homework.

Example: investigation on moral and psychological education of primary and secondary school students;

Individual individual individual individual individual individual individual individual individual individual.

The object itself has no obligations, others have obligations, others, collectives, countries and nations.

Psychological elements: self-awareness, altruism, responsibility, collective consciousness and patriotism.

national pride

(3) Types of question preparation

True or false questions, multiple-choice questions, rank questions, ranking questions, and corresponding questions.

Four, check the questions in the preparation of the questionnaire.

(a) the terms must be clear.

1. Grammar should be correct, sentences should be fluent, punctuation should be appropriate, and the meaning of the question should be clear.

2. Be careful to avoid using multiple meanings.

3. Use as little or no negative statements or multiple negatives as possible.

4. Prevent meaning induction

5. Avoid using hypothetical questions.

(two) the form, content and expression of the topic should conform to the characteristics of the respondents.

(C) to avoid the "social identity effect" of question and answer.

Social identity effect means that people in society have a common and consistent view on certain behaviors, and this effect is called social identity.

Measures to avoid social recognition effect;

(1) Neutralize questions and queries.

(2) It involves ordinary people, not the respondents.

(3) Formally, "some people think", "some people think" and "you think" can be adopted.

(4) Questions and answers should be many people's questions, not something difficult to say.

(4) The number of questions and the time for answering questions should be appropriate.

(5) The questions in the questionnaire should be scientific, the alternative answers should be comprehensive, and the questionnaire should be predictable after compilation.

(six) the questionnaire should comply with the norms and requirements of questionnaire production, and carry out standardized inspection.

Section 4 Educational Experimental Methods

First, an overview of educational experimental methods

(A) the concept of educational experimental methods

Educational experiment method is a comprehensive educational research method, which solves practical educational problems, puts forward certain assumptions and scientifically verifies them, systematically intervenes in the process of education and teaching, exerts new educational influence on experimental objects, collects factual materials for qualitative and quantitative analysis, determines the causal dependence between experimental influence and experimental results, and makes theoretical and practical value judgments on the verification and effect of assumptions.

The essence of educational experiment is a research-oriented educational practice. The essence of educational experiment is the unity of empirical research and theoretical research. There are many methods and types of educational experiments. In a word, educational experiment is the expression and verification of hypothesis, condition control and research operation, hypothesis verification and effect evaluation.