Viewpoint 1: the emergence and development of pedagogy.

As a representative figure in the founding of the People's Republic of China, Spencer's masterpiece On Education puts forward that the task of education is to teach people how to live and oppose the education of classical language and literature.

Viewpoint 2: The purpose of education

Both Spencer and Dewey advocate the theory of life, and believe that the purpose of education should be related to the life of the educated. Spencer believes that education should prepare for a perfect life in the future.

Viewpoint 3: Curriculum theory

1. For the first time, the word "curriculum" was used as a technical term of educational science;

2. Put forward the view that "scientific knowledge is the most valuable" in the book "What knowledge is the most valuable";

3. At the same time, he is also a representative of the theory of subject-centered curriculum.

Viewpoint 4: Teaching theory

Formal education was formed in the17th century, and the representatives were educators Locke and Pestalozzi. According to the theory of formal education, the development of students' intelligence has nothing to do with the practical significance of subject content. Substantive education appeared at the end of 18 and the beginning of 19, with Herbart, a moral educator, and Spencer, a British educator as the main representatives. According to the theory of substantive education, the main task of teaching is to teach students lifelong useful knowledge, and students' intelligence does not need special training.