The great influence of Dickens

First, artistic features

1, humor, satire, pun

The charm of puns in translation, whether transliteration or free translation, cannot be preserved. So it's not surprising that people like the third generation of the Millennium can't understand Dickens' achievements.

2. Flat cartoon characters

Influenced expressionism. It influenced Kirk's movies on the West Side. Suspense, nervous and a little humorous.

3. Two-person narration (extremely difficult to write)

The adoption of two narrative voices is a major feature of Bleak House. The whole novel is told by two voices in turn. One is the third person, you can look at the writer Dickens. The other is Esther's first-person narrative. Although there is no direct communication between the two sides, the characters and plots involved are intertwined. Their division of labor and differences are first manifested in their sexual consciousness. The writer is male and Esther is female. Gender has become a metaphor again, implying the difference of popular ideas in that era recognized by Dickens: the male voice is powerful and commanding, he scans the overall situation, he is objective, he criticizes society and events from time to time, he has sharp satire, wise satire, he makes good use of exaggeration and humor, he has burning passion and anger; On the other hand, Esther appeared immature, shy and gentle at the beginning. Contrary to the "omniscient" type, she participates in events in the stream of life and tells her stories and experiences in the past tense. She has limited knowledge and is tolerant and sympathetic to people and things. This division of labor causes the tension of the emotional structure of the work, and the two aspects complement each other and contradict each other, resulting in ambiguity and expanding the meaning space. Of course, this is the author's narrative method after all, and the so-called division of labor is not absolute. Dickens' mature exaggeration, humor, wisdom and satire often "sneak into" Esther's voice. On the surface, Esther is similar to those women who are too kind and obedient in Dickens' novels, but in the past 20 years, critics have done many articles to reverse her case. It always keeps a low profile in narration and pays attention to others, but this makes her the center of the story. She is indeed a female image with psychological connotation created by the author.

We don't know whether this writing is unprecedented, but at least a China novelist like Cao Xueqin is not qualified to try. Without the successful accumulation of first-person and third-person experience, it is impossible.

4. Symbols and suspense skills

This technique initiated modernist literature.

Second, the impact on future generations.

1, Tolstoy's book list

Childhood before the age of fourteen

Bible: The Story of Joseph Hugue (referring to its influence)

Arabian Nights-Big

Black hen-very big.

Songs of Russian heroes, folk stories-huge

Pushkin: The Short Poem Napoleon ―― Da

Fourteen to twenty years old

Gospel: Mountaineering Training-Huge

Sting: A sentimental trip-very big.

Rousseau: Confessions, Emile-Huge.

New Heloise ―― Very big.

Pushkin: yevgeny onegin-very big.

Schiller: Robber-it's very big.

Nikolai Nikolai Gogol: Coat, two Ivans, Neva Avenue-big.

The ghost of the earth-it's very big

Necromancer-huge

Turgenev: The Hunter's Notes-Very big.

Drew Ning Ji: Bollinka saxophone-very big.

Grigolo Vichy: Anton Golimeka-it's very big.

Dickens: david copperfield ―― Huge.

Lermontov: The contemporary hero Taman-very big.

Prescott: Conquering Mexico-Grand.

Twenty-five years old

Goethe: Herman and the moss in the sinus ―― it's huge.

Faust and Short Poems-Far-reaching Influence

Hugo: Notre Dame de Paris-very big.

Chuchev: Lyrics-Da

Kordrov: Poetry-Great.

Homer's Epic (Russian Version)-Grand

Fett: Poetry-great.

Plato: Federico, drink-da.

Thirty-five to fifty years old

Homer's Epic (Greece)-Very Large

Brave warrior song-very big

Dickens: All novels-very big.

Hugo: Les Miserables-Huge

Mrs. Wood: Novelty-big.

George Eliot: Novel-Big

Trollope: Novel-Big

563 years old

All Gospels (Greece)-Huge

Genesis (Hebrew)-Very large

Henry george: Progress and poverty-this is a very big problem.

Parker: A study on religious issues-very big.

Robertson: sermon-big

Feuerbach: The Essence of Christianity ―― Da

Pascal: A Record of Thought-Huge

Greek philosopher-huge.

Confucius and Mencius-very big.

On Buddha (French scholar)-Huge

Lao Zi (a French scholar) ―― Huge

It can be seen from reading that Thun has read all Dickens' novels, which shows that Dickens has a great influence on Tolstoy and even Russian novels.

2. Kafka

Kafka's novel America directly imitates Dickens' writing techniques, while Castle and Trial are also inspired by Bleak House. There is no doubt that Dickens' works show extroversion humor, which can be called "funny comedy", but Kafka can't be extroverted, so he internalizes this humor, and the external performance can be described in one word-absurdity-the basic style element of modernist literature.

How many people need to be affected? These two are enough.

Third, important works

Dickens' favorite novel david copperfield is autobiographical. It is a typical educational novel with a character as the center but a loose structure. David likes fantasy since he was a child, and he has strong perception and imagination. Later, he became a writer, and his works were recreated in the form of memories, giving new life to the hero's experience. Many of these characters are household names, such as Micawber, who is poor but optimistic, fantasizes about speculating and making a fortune, and believes that there will be a good end. It is said that he has the shadow of the author's father; David's hero, handsome but arrogant, selfish and heartless Stilworth; David's aunt, Miss Trowood, with a sharp mouth and a cruel heart; And Yule Heep. Now the name refers to those who are seemingly humble, but in fact scheming, ambitious and shameless. His main character is aggressive "modesty".

Dombey and Son is a well-structured novel written by Dickens, which is quite different from the loose structure in his previous works. Before he was created, he was carefully conceived. The appearance of all the characters and the development of the story are arranged around the development of Mr Dombey's fate. Various events are organically combined, and the story is very lively and interesting. Dickens used a variety of artistic techniques in his novels. There are sharp satire and smiling humor; There are objective descriptions and deliberate exaggeration; There are direct and simple sentences and interesting metaphors. Dickens' characters are all alive. They have their own unique personality and language. Even a dog, a parrot, a poker and a curtain can sometimes clearly show their thoughts and feelings. When reading Dombey and Son, the reader's heart beats as the story progresses. He will feel disgusted or angry with some characters and love or care about others. He will shed tears of sympathy, but more often, he will smile because of those humorous and interesting words. Dombey and Son, like many other novels by Dickens, was written by the author and published in magazines in stages. When the chapter describing Paul's death was published, Anna Marsh-Caldwell, a British novelist at that time, literally wrote that it "plunged the whole country into mourning"; Not only in Britain at that time, but also in France.

A Tale of Two Cities adopts a pluralistic and integrated structure, which is rigorous and orderly. The novel consists of five narrative units: 1, the story of Meynet family, 2, the story of Defarge and his wife, 3, the story of vermont family, 4, Kalden's life and dedication, 5, Cronkite's life and experience. The five units do not contain or belong to each other, but develop independently and in parallel. But at the same time, the five units are interrelated, intersected and infiltrated with each other, and this connection is realized through factors such as characters, plots and clues. For example, the narrative units in A Tale of Two Cities are self-sufficient, but together, they are interrelated. The evil deeds of the vermont brothers caused the change of the life track of the Meynet family, and caused the German and French couples to retaliate against their families, which in turn caused the contradiction between the German and French couples and the Meynet family, and involved Kalden, Cronqiu and others. Finally, for Lucy's happiness, Kalden exchanged flowers for Darnay's escape, thus pushing the novel to a climax.

Great Expectations is Dickens' masterpiece. The title of the book means "great expectation", emphasizing the subjective desire of the first-person protagonist Pip. "Expectation" is far from the real world, which is also the difference between Pip, the narrator who once went to sea, and Pip, the protagonist who is new here and full of beautiful fantasies about himself and the world. "Expectation" is the alias of a beautiful girl named Estella. In order to get her, Pip, a poor boy from the blacksmith's shop, must be among the "gentlemen". However, Estella means a star that can never be reached. This novel has at least two endings. The manuscript emphasizes that Pip has cured his desire for Estella, while Dickens followed his friend's advice, suggesting that Pip thinks he and the girl will never break up again. The controversy about the ending of the novel is not only related to the understanding of the meaning of the novel, but also related to the factors behind the happy ending of Victorian novels and the development of novel theory. In addition, Great Expectations also reflects the popular cultural nutrients absorbed by Dickens, such as melodrama and burlesque, Gothic horror and grotesque stories.

The great English writer Charles Dickens (18 12- 1870) wrote books. His position in the novel is close to Shakespeare's position in the drama. However, it is a great pity that Bleak House, regarded by many critics such as Bernard Shaw, chesterton, Conrad and Trian as "the pinnacle of novel creation", has never been taken seriously in our society. We don't know how much Kafka's Castle was influenced by this novel, but from the perspective of novel history, many later types and writing styles also happened here.

In some critical articles referring to this book, Bleak House has also been translated into Zhai. This work is extremely long and is one of Dickens' longest works. On the whole, it is a story that wraps the soul-stirring legend in the dense net of moral and humanistic care, showing people that evil forces such as manipulation and revenge struggle with the upward sublimation of innocence and kindness, and finally kindness wins. In detail, novels have more meanings: talking about love, oppression, unrealistic fantasies, changes in the structure and value of an era, and unfairness in the system. It is a kaleidoscope of all beings. Its description of the ruins is the best preparation for Eliot's The Waste Land. Its exposure to courts and lawyers not only inspired castles and trials, but also raised the question of "evil system"? noodle Even the way it reveals the truth has greatly influenced the popular detective thriller. Of course, this novel is also the most important work in Dickens' urban trilogy.

The core of Bleak House is the ancient English chancery, which is a symbol of the evil and incompetent judicial system. Dickens practiced in a law firm in his early years. He has a personal experience of the falsity and injustice of the legal system and the blackmail and deception of lawyers in the name of justice, which have been mentioned in his previous works, but he has made a comprehensive disclosure in this work. Therefore, we can also say that Bleak House is the first legal novel.

At the beginning of the novel, Dickens describes the fog in London in detail, which is a kind of darkness and an overwhelming atmosphere that permeates people's hearts, and fog is a symbol of justice.

In the novel, the British "Lord Chancellor's Court" accepted an inheritance lawsuit. Judges and lawyers revolved around this case, sharing the benefits of this case in various ways like vultures, and finally entangled for decades, expecting to inherit the benefits from this case. The case is dead and crazy, and it will automatically "end forever" after the inheritance is exhausted.

In addition to this legacy lawsuit, another axis was born, that is, a wife of Lester Deloch lost her footing in her early years and gave birth to an illegitimate daughter Ethel with a captain soldier? Esther Summerson. Ethel was naive and kind, and later she and a pair of cousins were killed by John, the owner of bleak house related to the inheritance case. John Jardis was accepted as a ward. By chance, the scandal of the baroness's illegitimate child was learned by a group of lawyers and vultures, and the digging began. They threatened the barons not only out of evil curiosity, but for profit. In the whole process, they did everything they could, including killing innocent homeless teenagers and depriving many interpersonal relationships by provoking division. Finally, one of the lawyers was killed by the people he used, and the baroness left home and died in the snow. The inheritance lawsuit was automatically closed because the subject matter of the lawsuit was completely consumed.

Dickens has actually shown great insight in the part about justice and the evil of lawyers in Bleak House. Here he saw that judicial power automatically became an evil monster after self-generation. It devours all the people and things related to it unscrupulously. Institutionalization is the source of violence and evil. It has become an automatic mechanism, which has nothing to do with personal kindness. Dickens' accurate description of evil lawyers and the "institutional evil" extended from it are enough to make this work unforgettable.

Dickens, as the pinnacle of humanitarian realism, will certainly not stop at this negative level. In this novel, like "Bleak House" male host John? Judith, Ethel, the illegitimate daughter, and another beautiful and kind Ward Ada? Ada Claire is a positive person with a pure and inorganic heart. They don't regard interpersonal relationships as available assets, so they have good ideas. This is the bright source of human nature, which has penetrated the vast black fog and become the starting point for saving human nature. This way of showing light in the dark is also the characteristic of Dickens' works.

Therefore, Bleak House is really a beautiful classic.

In the narrative of the novel, it creates a "double narrative" expression. The main part of the novel is the omniscient narration of the third person, while the other part is expressed by Ethel, the illegitimate daughter of one of the protagonists, in a self-narrative way, which is integrated and echoes each other, from the early theorist chesterton to the recent Harlow? Harold bloom praised this as a difficult and high-performance breakthrough.

As for the details of the story, the modern British police detective system began in 1842, ten years earlier than this novel, so Dickens, who knows the world well, used the logic of modern detective reasoning as the process of presenting the truth, which greatly increased the suspense of the work until he read the last volume. This reasoning way of interpreting the world as a mysterious text also adds a lot of feelings of sadness and joy to reading itself. This is also the reason why modern text theory likes to take this novel as an example.

As for the most important thing, of course, it lies in the careful observation and vision of the value and social changes in this work from a macro perspective. In addition to pointing out the institutional evil of justice and the resulting institutional oppression; He described the decadent aristocratic class in the Victorian era and the rentier class who depended on them. The beauty of Dickens' writing is not necessarily comparable to that of an excellent poet. What is more unique is that the novel "writes on the ruins" in the slums of London, which is a pioneering work. The corruption of morality and interpersonal relationship and the oppression of society make it a dark center in the black fog, which gives people great fear. But just as he saw the decline of nobles and the corruption of cities, Dickens also saw the new rationality of capital industrial civilization. This new rationality, coupled with the kindness and innocence of reading in the book, has become the starting point for saving the sinking. Of course, not to mention the noble values of pure love and self-sacrifice for others in the novel.

Bleak House is wonderful and beautiful. It has all the best elements of the novel, whether it is the value vision, the plot of the novel or the literary grace of the details. Although people hold this masterpiece of more than 600,000 words, there is no heavy feeling. Therefore, when reading and talking about Dickens, we should not neglect Bleak House!