Putonghua clearance skills
Finishing: Lu Cheng
In the process of Putonghua proficiency test, it is often seen that some Chinese teachers or students majoring in normal Chinese want to pass Grade A, but the score is only about 85. However, some teachers in other normal schools or non-Chinese majors thought about Grade B, and the measured score was only about 78. Failing the exam makes them unable to eat or sleep, because Putonghua is related to their job qualifications, job title evaluation, finding a job after graduation and other life-and-death issues. Is there any way to make these candidates pass the exam? The author believes that the "secret" lies in whether these candidates can take the Putonghua proficiency test seriously and whether they are willing to make full preparations before the test. For "short reading", if you are fully prepared before the exam, you can avoid losing 2 to 3 points in non-phonetic scoring items, and make 78 points become more than 80 points or 85 points become more than 87 points.
Let's take a look at the deduction rules for "reading short passages" in the Outline of Putonghua Proficiency Test:
(1) mispronounced a syllable, 0. 1 minute will be deducted; If one syllable is omitted, deduct 0. 1.
(2) 0.5 points and 1 point will be deducted for the systematic phonetic defects of initials or finals, respectively.
③ Incorrect intonation, depending on the degree, 0.5 points, 1 point, 2 points,
(4) Improper disconnection will result in 0.5 points, 1 point and 2 points respectively depending on the degree.
(5) Poor reading (including back reading) will be deducted by 0.5 points, 1 point and 2 points respectively.
(6) Overtime (reading 400 syllables cannot exceed 4 minutes) will be deducted 1 minute.
Comparing the six points deduction rules, among them, (2) and (3)-Phonetic defects and intonation errors in phonology belong to direct phonetic problems, and candidates can only passively lose points, even if they work hard for a short time, it is difficult to ensure that they do not lose points. The other four items are indirect phonetic problems. For candidates, they lose points on their own initiative, and they can't lose points through hard work. From the examination practice, people who scored 78 points lost 65,438+0-2 points on (65,438+0), 65,438+0 points on (4) and 65,438+0 points on (5), and three or four points were added together. People who score 85 will lose 0.5-1 point on (1), 0.5- 1 point on (4), 0.5- 1 point on (5), 1.5-3. The main reason for losing indirect pronunciation when reading aloud is that I am unfamiliar with 60 works. Due to unfamiliarity, some foreigners' names and place names, some professional vocabulary, some words in classical Chinese, idioms and some words composed of words other than 3,500 commonly used words in the works are mispronounced because of coldness, or words are broken because they are not sure about pronunciation, resulting in incorrect syllables, improper connection or unsmooth appearance, and unjustly deducted points.
If we practice reading difficult words together, it may be helpful to solve the problem of losing points in indirect pronunciation. Below, the author collected some words from 60 works and provided them to the participants to practice reading like tongue twisters. Practice the principle of reading-first accurate, then fluent. Arnold, Bruno, Daryl, Marx, Tolstoy, Goethe, Siberia, Lombok, London, Ryan, Wen Ze, Savin River, Peter? Fret, Canada, Nara, Ottawa, new york, Japan, Katyn, Greece, Argos, Jesus, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, Bailey, Nice, Paris, Switzerland, Benjamin, Jean. Bihaole, Singapore, Southeast Asia. Scratch, scrape, be happy, communicate, trace, be lucky, be easy, be embedded, change, contradiction, barrier, nest, silk, foot, pettiness, fragrance, squat, dome, cluster, terror, turbulence, GUI, gully, lapel. Dancing, covering, riding, broadening, tracing, thinking, swinging, general, galloping, patrolling, trembling, exuberant, frequent, even, jojo, solemn, secondary, obstacle, ringing, thinking, cutting, repairing, defending and singing. Bowing your head, whispering, buckling, soaking, indifference, plague, shower, warmth, bladder, Christmas, villa, scratching, Qinling, magnificent, Dunhuang, eye-catching, root-seeking, secret, homing, Wan Chai, can be called banyan garden, bones, embarrassment, hiking, rags, hiking. Freon, dioxin, phosphate, insulin, Shichahai, Daizongfang arch, black, potassium chloride, sodium chloride, carbonate, dissolved oxygen, black, bun, Mogao grottoes, epitaph, Wang Muchi, Doumu Palace, Jingshiyu, Lv Dongbin, diabetes, skull, Sanxingdui, assembly area and so on fled sideways, bent down and circled, swaying vertically and horizontally. Sunny, moonlight, singing softly, polite, full of eyes, slowly coming, the invitation hall of the Tang Dynasty is timeless, floating in the wind, with clear eyes and good intentions, becoming clear, broad-minded, chic, antagonistic, forward-looking, caring for each other, persevering, guiding, stubborn, twilight drum and morning bell, exquisite. Nothing is precious, going to bed early is rich, and walking slowly is a car.
Experience exchange: teach you the secret of customs clearance in Putonghua proficiency test
Completed by: Lu Cheng
In the process of Putonghua proficiency test, it is often seen that some Chinese teachers or students majoring in normal Chinese want to pass Grade A, but the score is only about 85. However, some teachers in other normal schools or non-Chinese majors thought about Grade B, and the measured score was only about 78. Failing the exam makes them unable to eat or sleep, because Putonghua is related to their job qualifications, job title evaluation, finding a job after graduation and other life-and-death issues. Is there any way to make these candidates pass the exam? The author believes that the "secret" lies in whether these candidates can take the Putonghua proficiency test seriously and whether they are willing to make full preparations before the test. For "short reading", if you are fully prepared before the exam, you can avoid losing 2 to 3 points in non-phonetic scoring items, and make 78 points become more than 80 points or 85 points become more than 87 points.
Let's take a look at the deduction rules for "reading short passages" in the Outline of Putonghua Proficiency Test:
(1) mispronounced a syllable, 0. 1 minute will be deducted; If one syllable is omitted, deduct 0. 1.
(2) 0.5 points and 1 point will be deducted for the systematic phonetic defects of initials or finals, respectively.
③ Incorrect intonation, depending on the degree, 0.5 points, 1 point, 2 points,
(4) Improper disconnection will result in 0.5 points, 1 point and 2 points respectively depending on the degree.
(5) Poor reading (including back reading) will be deducted by 0.5 points, 1 point and 2 points respectively.
(6) Overtime (reading 400 syllables cannot exceed 4 minutes) will be deducted 1 minute.
Comparing the six points deduction rules, among them, (2) and (3)-Phonetic defects and intonation errors in phonology belong to direct phonetic problems, and candidates can only passively lose points, even if they work hard for a short time, it is difficult to ensure that they do not lose points. The other four items are indirect phonetic problems. For candidates, they lose points on their own initiative, and they can't lose points through hard work. From the examination practice, people who scored 78 points lost 65,438+0-2 points on (65,438+0), 65,438+0 points on (4) and 65,438+0 points on (5), and three or four points were added together. People who score 85 will lose 0.5-1 point on (1), 0.5- 1 point on (4), 0.5- 1 point on (5), 1.5-3. The main reason for losing indirect pronunciation when reading aloud is that I am unfamiliar with 60 works. Due to unfamiliarity, some foreigners' names and place names, some professional vocabulary, some words in classical Chinese, idioms and some words composed of words other than 3,500 commonly used words in the works are mispronounced because of coldness, or words are broken because they are not sure about pronunciation, resulting in incorrect syllables, improper connection or unsmooth appearance, and unjustly deducted points.
If we practice reading difficult words together, it may be helpful to solve the problem of indirect pronunciation loss. Below, the author collected some words from 60 works and provided them to the participants to practice reading like tongue twisters. Practice the principle of reading-first accurate, then fluent. Arnold, Bruno, Daryl, Marx, Tolstoy, Goethe, Siberia, Lombok, London, Ryan, Wen Ze, Savin River, Peter? Fret, Canada, Nara, Ottawa, new york, Japan, Katyn, Greece, Argos, Jesus, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, Bailey, Nice, Paris, Switzerland, Benjamin, Jean. Bihaole, Singapore, Southeast Asia. Scratch, scrape, be happy, communicate, trace, be lucky, be easy, be embedded, change, contradiction, barrier, nest, silk, foot, pettiness, fragrance, squat, dome, cluster, terror, turbulence, GUI, gully, lapel. Dancing, covering, riding, broadening, tracing, thinking, swinging, general, galloping, patrolling, trembling, exuberant, frequent, even, jojo, solemn, secondary, obstacle, ringing, thinking, cutting, repairing, defending and singing. Bowing your head, whispering, buckling, soaking, indifference, plague, shower, warmth, bladder, Christmas, villa, scratching, Qinling, magnificent, Dunhuang, eye-catching, root-seeking, secret, homing, Wan Chai, can be called banyan garden, bones, embarrassment, hiking, rags, hiking. Freon, dioxin, phosphate, insulin, Shichahai, Daizongfang arch, black, potassium chloride, sodium chloride, carbonate, dissolved oxygen, black, bun, Mogao grottoes, epitaph, Wang Muchi, Doumu Palace, Jingshiyu, Lv Dongbin, diabetes, skull, Sanxingdui, assembly area and so on fled sideways, bent down and circled, swaying vertically and horizontally. Sunny, moonlight, singing softly, polite, full of eyes, slowly coming, the invitation hall of the Tang Dynasty is timeless, floating in the wind, with clear eyes and good intentions, becoming clear, broad-minded, chic, antagonistic, forward-looking, caring for each other, persevering, guiding, stubborn, twilight drum and morning bell, exquisite. Nothing is precious, going to bed early is rich, and walking slowly is a car.
Skills of Putonghua Proficiency Test for Teacher Qualification Certificate in 2009
First of all, understand the basic requirements and scoring methods of the exam.
The first question: 10. The phonology of each syllable must be full. When reading the question, as long as there is a component error in the syllable, the word will be deducted 0. 1, and if there is a defect (pronunciation is between right and wrong), it will be deducted 0.05. Tone defects are quantified by four tones, each tone type is quantified according to the actual situation if it is less than 10, and 0.5 points will be deducted once if it is greater than 10. If the candidate makes a slip of the tongue, he can reread it, and the tester will judge it according to the second pronunciation. This question is required to be read within 3 minutes, 0.5 points will be deducted for overtime 1 minute, and 0.5 points will be deducted for overtime 1 minute. In the test exercise, we found that the words with sounds in this question scored poorly, and the reason for the error was often that the tone value of the upper sound was read as 2 1 or 2 142.
Question 2: 20 points. Need to read out the sound changes. If the examinee makes mistakes in phonology, intonation and tone sandhi. 0.2 points will be deducted for each syllable, and 0. 1 point will be deducted for defects. Tone defects within 10 times will be deducted quantitatively, and every time they exceed 10 times, they will be deducted by 0. 1 minute at one time according to the system. If the candidate makes a slip of the tongue when reading the question, he can reread it, and the tester will judge it according to the pronunciation of the second time. The time limit for this question is 3 minutes, and the overtime 1 minute will be deducted 1 minute, and the overtime 1 minute will be deducted 1.5 minute. In this problem, we should pay attention to syllables with sounds at the end, such as "tune". Candidates often pronounce the tone of the last syllable as half-upper (the adjustment value is 2 1). In addition, be careful not to read the word "er" as a syllable alone. For example, "fun" should be pronounced Wanhao R instead of Wanhao er.
Question 3: 30 points. Deduct 0. 1 minute for each syllable of phonetic error, and deduct 0. 1 minute for each syllable of missing words, adding words and reading back. Dialect intonation will be deducted 0.5-3 points in different degrees, 1 point for speaking too fast or too slow, and 0.5- 1 point for each improper pause. The time limit is 4 minutes, and if the timeout exceeds 30 seconds, it will be deducted 1 minute. Pay attention to accuracy and proficiency in this question. Because according to the regulations, pauses, broken sentences and improper speech speed will be deducted, and the stress caused by missing words, adding words and inexperience will also be deducted. Every time you miss a word, add a word, or reread a word, it is equivalent to reading a wrong word. These mistakes have a great influence on the performance of this question, and many points are deducted. And it is a work with words, so we should focus on practice. And the improvement of reading ability can also promote the improvement of oral English.
Question 4: 40. The topic is decided by drawing lots from 50 conversation topics in the Guide to Putonghua Proficiency Test (see sample volume). Draw lots on the spot during the exam. Each topic has two topics, and candidates choose one of them to talk for 3 minutes.
This question is scored from three aspects: phonetic features, vocabulary grammar and natural fluency, among which phonetic features account for the largest proportion-30 points.
According to the number of phonetic errors and the degree of dialect intonation, the phonetic features are judged by six levels. First gear: 28-30 minutes. Requirements: standard pronunciation, no systematic pronunciation errors and defects, no pronunciation errors within 3 times, limited to different readings and polyphonic word errors, no dialect errors: in the second gear 25-27. Requirements: Phonetic errors should be less than 10 times, with occasional dialect sounds. There are individual phonetic errors with unsystematic dialect nature, or there are phonetic defects in one or two systems. Third gear: 22-24 minutes. The phonetic error is between 1 1 and 15, with a slight accent. There are one or two kinds of systematic phonetic errors, and there have been or have been three kinds of systematic phonetic defects. The fourth gear: 16-2 1 min. The phonetic error is between 16-25, and the dialect is obvious. If there is one or more systematic phonetic errors, the upper section of the file can be evaluated. If there are three kinds of phonetic errors, and the number of times is about 25 times, the city will evaluate the lower section of the file. Fifth gear: l3- 15 points. Phonetic errors are more than 26 times, dialect is serious, there are more than three kinds of systematic phonetic errors, or there is an obvious lack of Putonghua-specific sounds that are not found in more than one dialect, and phonological pronunciation has a strong dialect color. Grade 6: 10- 12, with more than 30 phonetic errors, strong dialect, and more dialect elements in phonology, but basically Mandarin. In the actual test, most people's phonetic features are generally rated as the third or fourth.
Oral English is the most difficult of the four exams. For candidates whose mother tongue is a dialect, it is really not easy to speak fluently and pronounce correctly. It is recommended to pay attention to the following:
1. Avoid dialects and strive for standardization. Usually, we should make more efforts to talk in Mandarin as much as possible, improve our pronunciation through continuous practice, reduce the influence of dialects, and correct the words and grammar habits in dialects.
2. Look at the topic and grasp the type. The topics of 50 speeches are mostly related to daily life, and they are nothing more than narrating, remembering people, discussing and explaining. In practice, the topics are divided into several categories, and the contents are quite common with each other, so it will be more effective to prepare more than ten manuscripts purposefully.
3. Choose a theme and make good use of short sentences. When choosing materials, you should choose subjects that you are very familiar with, which will not cause too much emotional ups and downs. Because the focus of this topic is to test the phonetic characteristics of Putonghua, if you are sad and happy when you speak, your mood will fluctuate greatly, which will often affect the fluency of expression and the standard of pronunciation because of emotional excitement. In addition, long sentences should be avoided as much as possible when speaking, because in spoken English, it is not easy for both the speaker and the listener to send or receive long sentence information very accurately. Sentences are too long, and it's easy to forget your head.
4. Pay attention to the length and calculate the time. It takes three minutes to talk about the topic, and we can determine the length of the speech accordingly; Generally speaking, the speech speed is 170-230 words per minute, so it is more appropriate to write a speech of 500 to 600 words. For those who have a high level of spoken English, we suggest writing only an outline and describing it around it when practicing. For people with poor oral English, we advocate writing speeches according to the standardized oral expression habits of Putonghua, and then practicing them repeatedly.
Second, learn the basic phonetic knowledge, understand the characteristics of dialects and their corresponding laws with Putonghua.
The basic knowledge of Putonghua pronunciation includes initials, finals, tones, phonetic changes and so on. Some people think that mastering phonetic knowledge is the professional need of phonetic teachers, and ordinary people don't need to master it. This is a layman's word. The lack of phonetic knowledge can only make learners spend more energy in later learning. For example, people in Guangxi are generally not allowed to pronounce their tongues, and they don't know where their tongues are crooked. If we know the composition of human vocal organs and the pronunciation position of tongue initials (that is, the place where the airflow is blocked during pronunciation) is at the tip of the tongue and the front end of the hard palate, then we can smoothly produce different tongue sounds by tilting the tip of the tongue, touching or approaching the front end of the hard palate according to the pronunciation method. For another example, most Zhuang languages can't produce affricates, but use corresponding affricates instead. If we know the characteristics of the three stages of the affricate, that is, the affricate becomes an obstacle, holds an obstacle and removes an obstacle, we can distinguish these two groups of sounds smoothly.
Guangxi people have lived in dialect areas for a long time, and when they speak Mandarin, they often have a light or heavy dialect color. To overcome dialect intonation and improve pronunciation, we must understand the characteristics of our dialect and its corresponding relationship with Putonghua, and strengthen pronunciation in a targeted manner. For example, people in Putonghua areas should focus on distinguishing between flat tongue and nasal sounds before and after, and pronounce four tones correctly. Among them, Guilin people should also pay attention to distinguish the initials n and l, Liuzhou people should pay attention to distinguish the finals ao and an, and Hechi people should distinguish f and h; People in Cantonese should prevent rhyme loss, stop tongue sound, fricative sound and interdental sound; People in Zhuang-speaking areas should first distinguish aspirated sounds from non-aspirated sounds, fricative sounds and fricative sounds, and pronounce flat tongue sounds well; In the Dong language area, we should pay attention to distinguish the initials F and H, pronounce the vowels ong and long well, and remove the voiced components; The focus of Hakka dialect should be on vowels.
Third, understand the general procedure of the exam and master the basic skills.
The general level of Putonghua test is: after entering the examination room, show the admission ticket, then get the test paper and test book, and read the label aloud for ten minutes. When preparing for measurement, the reverse order method should be adopted, and the preparation should be carried out in the order of four, three, two and one. First determine the topic according to the topic label, then meditate around the topic, and then read the corresponding works softly (don't cross the topic). According to the regulations, you can't look up the dictionary during the exam, but you can still skillfully use the test paper as a dictionary in the preparation of the second question and the first question. When you meet new words, you can refer to common words in Mandarin. Monosyllabic words "table, when you encounter flat-tongued words and nasal words, you can refer to flat-tongued words and nasal words respectively, and when you encounter light words, you can refer to the compilation of light words."
The four items of Putonghua proficiency test are an organic whole. Theoretically, the difficulty and the proportion of scores are increasing in turn. The latter is the deepening and development of the former, and the former is the basis and premise of the latter. Therefore, we should practice step by step, we should not be impatient and rash, and we should not despise or give up just because the previous content accounts for less points. In fact, the first three questions are supported by words, so the effect of accelerated training is better. As long as intensive training lasts for about 20 days, it can generally improve six points, seven points or even more. But if you simply train to talk about topics, it is very difficult to improve two or three points in a month or two. Of course, it is best for candidates to take part in systematic study, master the correct methods and steps, and strengthen training repeatedly in order to achieve ideal results and achieve good results.
How to deal with the Putonghua proficiency test easily
Many people can't give full play to their Putonghua level in the Putonghua proficiency test because of their poor psychological state, leaving a lot of regrets. For example, when reading words, you mispronounce the words you are familiar with; Stuttering, repeating, missing words and adding words when reading articles; When you talk, you don't think. If you want to say a word, it's not enough to stop for "three long minutes". Therefore, how to adjust the mentality and take the exam easily has become a difficult problem for all candidates. The author here provides some simple and practical methods to discuss with you, hoping to help overcome this problem.
First, careful preparation and strength.
The fundamental reason why candidates are nervous is probably due to insufficient preparation before the exam and psychological deficiency. The only way to overcome this psychological state is to work harder at ordinary times, always pay attention to your own Putonghua level and make use of every opportunity to learn Putonghua. With enough strength, self-confidence is there, and the tension is naturally eliminated.
Second, adjust the atmosphere and take exams easily.
The specific approach is:
1, find opportunities to understand the whole process of Putonghua proficiency test and make corresponding preparations; Don't let yourself be at a loss because a link doesn't match the expected situation.
2. Treat the lottery of speech topics with a calm mind, and don't take any chances, thinking that if you get the desired sign, you will play it beyond your ability. In fact, the difficulty of each topic is not very different. The key is to be comprehensive and have answers.
After entering the examination room, it is reasonable to find an opportunity to say a few words to the examiner. Not only relax themselves, but also adjust the atmosphere, so that the exam can be conducted in a relaxed and happy atmosphere, which is something that testers and candidates are happy to do.
4, concentrate on the exam, don't always stare at the examiner's pen-if the examiner moves, you will be nervous, so why torture yourself. Of course, there are a few words that you can't pick up on time. Look at the tester's reaction and correct it in time, but it really doesn't have to be like this every time.
When leaving the examination room, say "thank you" to the examinee, and then walk out of the examination room calmly. I have done what I have to do. What is there to regret?
Third, use rules to reduce mistakes.
1, when reading a word, if you find that you have made a mistake, don't give up easily, you can correct it according to the rules. When reading disyllabic words, if you don't know a word, don't read the whole word. Each syllable of a disyllabic word is scored independently, and you can get half a point if you read any word correctly.
2. When reading the article, I found that a word was mispronounced or missed. According to the rules, I can't reread the whole sentence.
3. Tell what you are familiar with, and don't deliberately pursue whether the sentence is beautiful or not, and whether the story is lively and interesting; Don't keep looking at your watch and worry about whether it's three minutes.
In the whole exam, every exam content has corresponding exam rules, and candidates should fully master these rules before the exam to avoid unnecessary mistakes. Reading and speaking account for a large proportion in the score, which is also one of the easy points for candidates to lose. These two items will be the main topics for discussion in the future.