What are the common types of accidental injuries?
1. Sudden suffocation: It is mostly caused by severe electric shock, collision, fall, head shock, choking in fire or drowning. Whatever the reason, suffocation should be rescued first at this time. Asphyxiation refers to the cessation of breathing, the child is in a coma, his face is blue or pale, but his heartbeat is strong. Listen to the child's nostrils with your ears. If you don't vent, immediately blow the child's nose and mouth, and pay attention to whether the child's chest fluctuates with it. If there is no fluctuation, hold the child's mandible by hand and tilt his head backwards. When blowing, make your child's chest rise and fall until you regain your spontaneous breathing. Contact the emergency center at the same time. Be rushed to the hospital.
2. Serious injury: mostly caused by serious collision, visceral injury or massive internal bleeding. Children with sallow complexion, weak heartbeat and pulse, mental fatigue and restlessness may be in a state of shock. Parents should call for help urgently. At the same time, pay attention to keep the child quiet. Lie flat on your head. Don't move too much. It is best to carry the child with the special shock-proof inflatable suit in the ambulance. Oxygen should be given if conditions permit.
3, coma: the child is unconscious, breathing, pulse is strong. Family first aid is to keep the child's mouth open. Breathe freely. Be rushed to the hospital.
4, bleeding: bleeding can be seen, of course, stop bleeding immediately. Limb bleeding can be bandaged with pressure and tourniquet if necessary. The parts that can't be tourniquet should be filled with cotton gauze. If the compression bandage can't be bandaged, you need to press the stuffing with your hands to continue to compress and stop bleeding until you reach the hospital. If you have hematemesis or bloody stool, you should also be sent to the hospital for treatment.
5. Visceral extravasation: Abdominal rupture, chest rupture and skull rupture can all cause visceral extravasation. The site can only be wrapped with clean wet cloth and then sent to the hospital. When there is air leakage due to chest injury, block the air leakage with warm cloth, then tie it tightly around the chest with cloth and send it to the hospital.
6, systemic burns: when the whole body, multiple parts or a large area burns, never take medicine, wrap it with a clean cloth and send it to the hospital. Give the injured some light salt water orally to prevent dehydration and shock.
7, drowning: mainly to rescue suffocation. First, hang the child upside down, pat his back and empty the water, then give artificial respiration by blowing. Older children can lie prone and press their backs for artificial respiration.
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30 seconds to judge the child's distress situation 10 When should I see a doctor when dealing with several common baby injuries and accidental injuries?
If the child is crying and struggling in your arms, so that you can't see the wound clearly, you should go to the hospital immediately, because the wound may be mixed with debris or glass. At the same time, in case of any of the following circumstances, you must seek medical treatment within 6 hours:
1, the wound is more than 5 cm long;
2, facial scratches (unless the wound is very shallow, and the length does not exceed 2 cm);
3, the joint is scratched, and the wound is easy to crack during exercise;
4. The wound is as deep as the fat layer, and nerve cells and tendons may also be damaged;
5. If the wound is defective, gently pull the skin on both sides. If the wound opens your mouth, be sure to go to the hospital and let the doctor diagnose whether you need stitches or butterfly bandages.
How to use band-aid correctly for accidental injury?
Due to the limitation of the structure of the band-aid, it can only be used for small wounds with shallow surface, clean wound, less bleeding and no need of suture, which can temporarily stop bleeding and protect the wound surface. However, it should be noted that the use time should not be too long.
People often put band-aid directly on the wound, which is absolutely incorrect and can easily lead to wound infection! It is an essential step to clean the wound before using the band-aid. When doing outdoor sports, the sanitary conditions are poor and the chances of injury are high, which should be paid more attention to.
In addition, if the band-aid stuck on the wound is soaked by water, it should be replaced immediately, which is especially important when outdoors, because the band-aid has good absorption ability. If left untreated, the wound is equivalent to soaking in water directly, but it becomes a hotbed for bacteria to breed. Although there is a waterproof band-aid on the market now, the effect is not obvious, especially on the hand joints that are most likely to be injured in outdoor activities, and the waterproof performance cannot be fully reflected.
Practice for the use of band-aid
1, severe trauma, wound pollution, to be treated in the hospital. Don't use a band-aid until the wound is debrided.
2. Deep and narrow wounds, such as nails and knife wounds. You can't wrap it with a band-aid. The wound should be exposed after hemostasis to prevent tetanus toxoid from infecting the wound. If necessary, tetanus serum should be injected under the guidance of a doctor.
3. When the wound is not clean or there is a foreign body in the wound, you can't directly use the band-aid. You should debride or remove foreign bodies before disinfection and dressing.
4, water, fire, burns, can't use yellow water paste, in case of poor drainage secretion and secondary infection.
5. If the skin is slightly scratched and there is only a small amount of bleeding, do not use it. Applying iodine or alcohol can prevent infection. If you are not at ease, you can apply a thin layer of purple potion.
6, contaminated or infected wounds, wounds with secretions or pus can not use band-AIDS.
7. The new band-aid will generally be specially treated on the adhesive to prevent the wound from tearing when it is removed. If you are afraid of the wound pain when removing the band-aid, you can use a hair dryer to adjust the temperature to low temperature, and blow the band-aid for 30 seconds, so you can easily tear it off.
Accidental injury has been listed as an important risk factor affecting children's life safety, quality of life and physical health in 2 1 century, which not only caused huge direct economic losses, but also caused immeasurable mental-psychological trauma to the only-child family. In order to reduce the occurrence of accidental injuries, schools, society, families, medical and health institutions and the media should unite to intervene.
Children's accidental injuries are often because parents are busy with their own affairs and do not take good care of their children; Or children are blindly imitated by film and television characters; The layout structure of the living room is unreasonable, and parents randomly pile up dangerous goods indoors; The safety signs of the surrounding environment are not perfect or eye-catching; Imperfect emergency transportation system; Health education is not popular and children's awareness of safety is weak. Children's family injuries are mostly minor injuries, and they have certain medical knowledge, which is enough to deal with common minor injuries. However, the child's injuries are not all minor injuries, but also fatal injuries that require first aid. Because seriously injured children may die at any time, on-site rescue should race against time and be safely sent to the hospital.
How to deal with fractures, abrasions and sprains
Babies sometimes run around like headless flies. His mother told him to run slowly, but he ignored it. Babies fall easily. Sometimes he would get up by himself and continue to chase, but sometimes he was not so lucky and cried after wrestling.
After the baby falls, the mother should first check the baby's wound, first rule out the fracture symptoms, and then clean the wound after confirming that it is not a fracture. Therefore, mother needs to master some first-aid treatment methods first:
Identify fractures
If the baby falls heavily, there will be obvious signs of fracture:
1, severe pain, limited physical activity;
2. The tenderness of the affected area is extremely obvious;
3. The affected part is swollen and the skin becomes discolored;
4, in the joint dislocation and serious fracture, limb deformation.
Corresponding countermeasures:
If physical activity is not free or obviously limited, and the injured part is obviously swollen and deformed, you should go to the hospital immediately. In the process of going to the hospital, you should avoid moving the fracture site. If the limbs are broken, find a board and fix both ends of the fracture on the board; If the waist, chest, back and ribs are broken, find a stretcher, put a board on the stretcher, or directly carry the child to the hospital with a board, and make a diagnosis and treatment as soon as possible. Don't carry or hold the injured child, otherwise the nerves and blood vessels may be damaged due to dislocation of the fracture site, which may aggravate the condition and even endanger life.
For the bleeding at the fracture site, compression hemostasis or rubber band tube and rubber band can be used to stop bleeding before being sent to the hospital. Relax every 30 minutes or so to avoid affecting blood circulation and causing limb ischemia and necrosis.
Abrasion treatment
Infantile abrasions are most common in elbows, palms and knees, and are generally manifested as bleeding and skin damage.
Corresponding countermeasures:
If the abrasion is shallow, the wound is clean and the scope is small, in order to scab the wound, just apply some iodine on the skin around the wound and then wrap it with clean sterile gauze.
If there is dirt or dirt on the wound, it should be washed with normal saline or cold boiled water, then coated with iodine, antibacterial ointment and gauze for external use. If there is no redness, swelling and pain in the local area within 2-3 days, the scab will heal.
If the scratch area is too large, the wound is stained with sand and dirt that cannot be cleaned by itself, or the injured part is important (such as face), parents are advised to take their children for surgery in time, local debridement and tetanus injection.
Ankle sprain
The most easily sprained part is the ankle, so you must pay attention to protecting your baby's feet when learning to walk or outdoors.
Performance after sprain:
1, which can be characterized by swelling of damaged joints and limited movement;
2. Pain and tenderness will increase with the activity of the affected part;
3. Muscles will involuntarily spasm; After a few days, there will be bruises on the wound.
Corresponding countermeasures:
When the baby has just sprained, the sprain should be raised to avoid the activity of the affected area. Don't rub and massage immediately: in order to reduce swelling, use cold water or ice cubes to compress 15 minutes at the first time. Then, tie the sprain with a handkerchief or bandage, which can not only protect and fix the injured joint, but also help to reduce swelling. It can also be made from local materials and wrapped with traditional Chinese medicine for promoting blood circulation, removing blood stasis and reducing swelling. Be careful not to apply hot compress to the affected area within 48 hours after the injury: 1-2 days later, the mother can massage the affected area to accelerate blood circulation and eliminate swelling.
Note: Because sprains are often accompanied by fractures and joint dislocations, especially children are prone to subluxation of radial head, they should go to the hospital when the pain gets worse.
How to deal with scratches, pricks and abrasions?
Scratch-the main step: stop bleeding
Scratch your head: go to the hospital
Suggestion: Because blood and hair often stick together, the cleaning and treatment of wounds are complicated, so it is best for doctors to handle them professionally. Parents can use a clean rag or paper towel to press the wound hard to reduce new bleeding, and at the same time send their children to the hospital as soon as possible, waiting for the doctor to treat the wound.
Scratches in other parts: self-treatment.
For scratches on other parts of the head, parents can basically handle them at home. If possible, it is recommended to use dark towels, which can reduce the tension caused by bright red blood to parents and children. Wrap a few pieces of ice in a towel and apply cold compress to the wound to stop bleeding and relieve pain.
After stopping bleeding, wash the wound with cold water and soap. Don't use hot water, because hot water will accelerate blood flow and stimulate bleeding. Do not stimulate the wound with alcohol or hydrogen peroxide for external use. These disinfectants will kill new cells needed for wound healing. In addition, do not use antibiotic ointment, which will affect the wound healing speed. All you need to do is put a band-aid on the cleaned wound to reduce the contact between the wound and bacteria and dirt.
Avoid a common mistake-repeatedly take off the towel to check the wound.
A cold towel must be gently pressed on the wound for at least 5 minutes. Don't always take the towel to see the wound. After 5 minutes, if the wound is still bleeding, the pressing time can be extended for 5 minutes. In 95% of cases, this method can stop bleeding.
Need to be taken to the hospital
If the above method still bleeds after 10 minutes, or if pulsatile bleeding is found in the wound-new blood will flow out of the wound every moment, which means that the wound may hurt arterial blood vessels, the child should be sent to the hospital immediately for wound suture surgery.
Stab-main step: clean the wound.
Rinse the wound
Stab wounds are easily overlooked because of their small wounds, but they are also the most susceptible to infection. Sharp objects will bring bacteria and dirt when they pierce the body, and then these little things will lurk in the body waiting for trouble. To avoid infection, please clean the wound with tap water as soon as possible. Never use bottled water that has been opened, especially drinking water that is directly exposed to the sun, because the water contains a lot of bacteria.
Avoid infection
No bandage or antibiotic ointment is needed to treat stab wounds. Because the wound area is small and goes deep into the skin, both of them are useless. For the first day or two after injury, check the changes of the wound every morning and evening to see if there is infection:
Turbid blisters-symptoms of pustulosis, a very common skin infection that can be cured by topical antibiotics;
Erythema, fever and pain appear in the affected area, and may be accompanied by low-grade symptoms-cellulitis, so oral antibiotics must be taken;
Miliary rash-a lump, usually caused by staphylococcus. Don't be too alarmed, because staphylococcal infections in children are usually very easy to cure.
Bruising-main steps: cold compress
The bruise that scares parents most is the big bump on the child's head. We can't help but worry, will this cause brain damage? In fact, the facts are often not so serious. Experts pointed out that only 5% of patients who lost consciousness for 5 minutes or more because of head concussion were found abnormal in CT scan. Of these 5%, only 10% is seriously injured, and most of the rest can be basically cured. Of course, bruising also needs parents' attention, because it is a manifestation of subcutaneous tissue bleeding. Cold compress can achieve the effect of analgesia and detumescence.
Specific practice: cold compress for 20 minutes, stop for 20 minutes, and repeat for 2 ~ 3 hours. Appropriate elevation of the affected area is also conducive to swelling, so if you hurt your legs and feet, you can cover them with a pillow.
What should children do if they inhale foreign bodies in trachea?
Foreign body in trachea is a common and extremely dangerous accident, which is common in children under 7 years old, especially children who just learned to walk before two years old. Foreign objects, such as toy parts, beans, nuts, coins, etc. All of them are caused by immature development and incomplete function of epiglottis cartilage at the junction of trachea and esophagus in children. When a child is talking, crying or exercising vigorously, it is easy to inhale the contents of his mouth into the trachea, causing tracheal obstruction. Children who inhale foreign bodies cause severe cough, hoarseness, dyspnea and reflex vomiting. If there is a large foreign body blocking the trachea, the child will turn blue, suffocate and even stop breathing. At this time, the rescue measures should race against time, and time is life.
1, back-slapping method
Let the child lie on the rescuer's knee, hold his chest with his head down and pat his back three or four times. After the pause, you can repeat it until the child spits out the foreign body, or hang him upside down and pat him on the back.
2. Collision method
The rescuer holds the waist of the child, puts his thumb under the chest of the child's upper abdomen, and rhythmically and quickly impacts the child, pressing the upper abdomen to form an impact airflow and washing away the foreign body.
3. Vomiting method:
The rescuer put his finger into the child's mouth to stimulate the tongue root to induce vomiting. This method is more suitable for tracheal foreign bodies near the throat.
If all the above methods fail, we must race against time to send them to the nearest hospital. If breathing or heartbeat stops, artificial respiration and cardiac resuscitation should be carried out in time.
Children should be educated not to form the habit of mouthing; Don't let the children cry when eating; Put small items that children can easily inhale where children can't get them; Toys should be safe.