First, in the Spring and Autumn Period, Wang Guan failed to learn, and Confucius pioneered the art of private lectures, set up an apricot altar to teach his disciples, sorted out and took poetry, calligraphy, ceremony, Yi, Yue and the Six Classics of Spring and Autumn as teaching materials, and took the six arts of ceremony, music, shooting, imperial, calligraphy and mathematics as educational contents;

The second is to break the rich-poor level of education and outline "education without class" so that everyone can enjoy equal educational rights. There are many students, and the history books say that "two people are proficient in six arts";

Third, we advocate respecting teachers, saying that "if there are three people, there must be my teacher" and "if you are a teacher for one day, you will be a father for life".

His tireless teaching spirit, the teaching principle of teaching students in accordance with their aptitude, paying equal attention to learning and thinking, and his learning attitude of "not ashamed to ask questions" have been praised and used so far. Confucius was the first professional teacher in the history of China and the greatest educator in ancient China, so he was called "the most holy teacher" and "the model of later generations". Confucius had a far-reaching influence on later generations. When he was alive, he was known as a "heavenly saint", "many heavenly eyes" and "immortal sage". He was one of the most knowledgeable scholars in the society at that time, and was called the most holy (saint among saints) by later generations, the teacher of all ages. He edited poetry books, defined rites and music, prefaced Zhouyi and wrote Chunqiu. Confucius' thoughts and theories have far-reaching influence on later generations. The Analects of Confucius is a classic work of Confucianism, compiled by Confucius' disciples and disciples. It is a book that records the words and deeds of Confucius and his disciples.

1988, 75 nobel prize winners issued a joint declaration in Paris, calling on the world that "if human beings want to survive in the 2 1 century, they must learn the wisdom of Confucius two thousand years ago." This shows the greatness of Confucius' thought. In the second year (Confucius was 59 years old), Confucius left Wei, passed through Cao, Song and Zheng, and went to Chen, where he lived for three years. When Wu attacked Chen, the war broke out and Confucius left with his disciples. When the Chu people heard that Confucius had arrived at the junction of Chen and Cai, they sent someone to meet him. The doctors of Chen and Cai knew that there was something wrong with what Confucius did, and they were afraid that Confucius would be reused in Chu, which was not good for them. So they sent laborers to surround Confucius and his disciples in the middle of the road, not relying on the village in front or the shops behind. After eating all the food they brought, they were deprived of food for seven days. Finally, Zigong found the Chu people, and Chu sent troops to meet Confucius, so that Confucius and his disciples were saved from death. Confucius returned to Weiguo at the age of 64. With the efforts of his disciple Ran Qiu, he was welcomed back to Lu at the age of 68, but he was still respectful. Lu Aigong 16, Confucius was 73 years old and died of illness. Advocate of rule of virtue

Linked with Confucius' theory of benevolence, righteousness and propriety, in the general plan of governing the country, he advocated "governing the country by virtue", which is the noblest way to govern the country. This strategy of governing the country is also called "rule by virtue" or "rule by courtesy". In fact, this strategy broke the traditional creed that courtesy is no less than Shu Ren's, and broke the original important boundary between nobles and civilians.

Confucius' theory of benevolence embodies the spirit of human nature, while Confucius' theory of propriety embodies the spirit of etiquette, that is, order and system in the modern sense. Humanism is the eternal theme of mankind, which is applicable to any society, any era and any government, and order and institutional society are the basic requirements for establishing a civilized human society. This humanitarianism and order spirit of Confucius is the essence of China's ancient social and political thought. Confucius used to have many documents. On the one hand, Confucius studied them, on the other hand, he sorted them out and taught them to his disciples. The Analects of Confucius involves Yi, Shu and history. Although there are "gifts", they are not simplified books (books). According to the Book of Rites Miscellanies, "the loss of officials, the loss of Confucius, and the loss of scholars are like books", then all the articles in the Book of Rites appeared after Confucius, but they were all spread by Confucius. This person, such as Ai, is also found in The Analects. He once asked for an audience with Confucius. Confucius not only refused to meet him because he was ill, but also deliberately played the harp to let him know that he refused because he was ill, but he was not ill. However, if the sorrow of Confucianism is to learn from the orders of mourning for the public, it is hard for Confucius to refuse. The Analects of Confucius didn't talk about Chunqiu. However, from the author of Zuo Zhuan, some people said that Chunqiu was written by Confucius, and Mencius even said that Chunqiu was written by Confucius. The Ram Spring and Autumn Annals and Gu Liang Spring and Autumn Annals record the year, month and day of Confucius' birth, and Zuo Chunqiu also records the year, month and day of Confucius' death. Moreover, The Spring and Autumn Annals of Ram and The Spring and Autumn Annals of Gu Liang both ended in the 14th year of Aigong, the Spring and Autumn Annals of Zuo ended in the 16th year of Aigong, and Kong Qiu died in April. There are three kinds of Spring and Autumn Annals, two of which record the birth of Confucius and one records the death of Confucius. Can it be said that Chunqiu has nothing to do with Confucius? I don't think Confucius edited Chunqiu, let alone wrote Chunqiu. I think the Spring and Autumn Annals, which is circulating now, is still the original text of Shandong history. Although Wang Anshi dismissed Chunqiu as a "broken newspaper" (it was first published in Su Zhe's Preface to Chunqiu Collection, and later in Zhou Lin Zhi, Lu Dian and Wang Anshi's Biography of Song History), the 242-year historical outline of Chunqiu was based on this. More importantly, if there were no Spring and Autumn Annals, no one would write Zuo Zhuan. We can only rely on the underground excavation of more than 200 years of historical materials of Spring and Autumn Annals. In a word, there are at least five ancient documents related to Confucius and his younger brother: Poetry, Book, Book of Changes, Yili and Chunqiu. There are only more than 70 disciples of Confucius. The Confucian family in historical records said that "disciple Gai 3,000 yuan", and the word Gai showed that Tai Shigong himself didn't believe it when he said this. According to Zhao Gong's twenty-year record in Zuo Zhuan, Confucius stopped the death of Hong Zonglu in zhangqin. Zhangqin, a disciple of Confucius, was thirty years old at this time. Since then, disciples have been recruited continuously, so there are several groups of Confucius disciples, and their ages are also very different. According to Records of the Biography of Disciples of Zhong Ni in Historical Records, Luz is older than Confucius Xiao Jiu and may be the oldest student. ("Historical Records" quoted "Confucius Family Language" as saying that Yan was only six years younger than Confucius. I don't know if it's reliable, because I don't count. ) Zhuan Xu Stone, namely Zhang Zi, is probably the youngest, younger than Confucius, who was born at the age of 48. Suppose he studied under Confucius at the age of eighteen, and Confucius was 66 years old. Confucius was interested in stabilizing the world in the first half of his life, and his disciples followed. Therefore, a group of students before Confucius were engaged in politics, so Zuo Zhuan contains many words and deeds of Luz, You Ran and Zi Gong. Young students may be famous for their freedom, Xia Zi and Zeng Shen. They are not officials, and most of them are engaged in teaching. Xia Zi once lived in Xihe and was treated with courtesy by Wei Wenhou. Zeng Shen once accused him of "retreating from Xihe, making Xihe people doubt the Lord" ("Book of Rites on Bow"), which shows that he was famous at that time. Confucius has four subjects, including Ziyou and Xia Zi, and Zhang Zi is among the younger generation, forming his own school. Of course, there are also accounts of teaching, so the two chapters of Xunzi Non-World have "the Confucianism of Zhang Zi", "the Confucianism of Xia Zi" and "the Confucianism of Ziyou". Whether they are "cheap Confucianism" or not, they teach literature, so that the ancient culture of China has not been extinct, but has also developed and changed. This contribution began with Confucius and went to Confucius. According to Han Feizi's Distinguished Learning, Confucianism is divided into eight schools. In the early Warring States period, Wei Wenhou treated Confucian scholars with courtesy and appointed talented people. The proprietors, that is, the so-called "monarch is the teacher" (see the biography of Han Shi Shuo Yuan), include Bu, Tian Zifang (Lv Chunqiu said he was a Zigong student, of course) and Duan Ganmu (Lv Chunqiu said he was a student). The person who has the credit is Wei, that is, the person who recommended three people; And Huang Zhai recommended Wuqi, Yang Le, Ximen Bao, Li Ke and Qu Houtuo (Zhao Cang, Biography of Korean Poetry). Wu Qiben was a Confucian and later became a legalist and strategist. Li is a summer student, but he devoted himself to "reclaiming land and improving agricultural productivity". He also became a legalist with the Book of Laws (Records of the Book of Jin and Criminal Law). The leaders of the emerging landlord class, who adhere to the teachings of Confucius and do not change, only respect them, but do not hire them. The leaders of the emerging landlord class accepted the culture and education advocated by Confucius, adapted to the situation and hired them, so that they could do their best to strive for prosperity and strength for their country. After Wei Lixian, there was the millet of Qi. The west gate of Qidu (now Linzi Town, Shandong Province) is called Jimen, and there are many study rooms outside Jimen, which generously support scholars from all over the world to debate and write books. At that time, they were called Mr. Xia Ji. Xia Ji may have started in Tian, flourished in, and experienced, and Wang Jian, which lasted for more than one hundred years. Xunzi attached great importance to etiquette, which was close to Legalism, and Han Fei and Li Si both came from his family. But he still hasn't been appointed, because he still adheres to Confucius' theory to a great extent. But his lectures and works have greatly influenced later generations. Han Fei is a student in Xun Qing. He doesn't take teachers for granted. "Sun Shi Confucianism" in "Idle Learning" is "Xunshi Confucianism". However, without Confucius, Confucius' disciples and later Confucianism, especially Xun Qing, not only would it be impossible for hundred schools of thought to contend for the Warring States, but also it would be impossible for Shang Yang to help Qin Xiaogong reform (The Book of Jin Criminal Law says: "[That is, Li Ke] wrote the Six Laws Classics, and Shang Yang was influenced by it." ) laid the foundation for the unification of Qin Shihuang; In particular, Reese could not help Qin Shihuang unify the world. Looking back on several classics, Confucius' academic and cultural contribution and its influence on later generations are indelible. Confucius' learning attitude and teaching methods also have some merits. Although Confucius said that "those who are born to know are the best", he himself said that "I was not born to know, so I am eager to seek." It seems that Confucius didn't really admit that there is a "natural knowing person". When Confucius first arrived at Zhougong Temple, he asked people for advice on everything, and some people laughed at him for being rude. Confucius' answer is, if you don't know, it's just polite to ask. Confucius also said: "In a threesome, there must be a teacher: choose good and follow it, and change evil and follow it." In other words, there are always my positive teachers and my negative teachers among the people I associate with. Zi Gong said that Confucius didn't have a teacher and went everywhere to study. We now say "it's never too old to learn". According to Confucius' self-report, "Anger makes you forget to eat, pleasure makes you forget to worry, and you don't know when you are old", that is, you don't know when you are old. No matter how different the times are and how they develop, this learning spirit is worthy of admiration and adoption. Confucius himself said that "teaching people tirelessly" has nothing to hide. Yuan Hao asked the poem "On Poetry": "Yuanyang Embroidery. From the teaching point of view, don't give the golden degree to others. " In the past, many craft and boxing teachers always left their students with one hand and were unwilling to pass on all their skills, especially the most important and crucial, that is, the "last hand" and "housekeeping skills" as the saying goes. On the other hand, Confucius had no reservations about his students, thus winning their infinite respect and admiration for him. After the death of Confucius, the students lived in the house next to the tomb of Confucius, as if their parents were dead. Three years later, Zi Gong continued to live next to the tomb for three years (On Mencius Teng Wengong). Only with such "tireless teachers" can such students stay in Shandong for three or six years. Of course, we are opposed to keeping the house, but the relationship between teachers and students is closer than that between father and son, and there is always something worth learning. Confucius knew every student very well and evaluated some students. When answering students' questions, even if the same question is asked by different people, the answers are different. Yan Yuan recorded that Yan Yuan, Zhong Gong and Sima Niu "asked about benevolence", and Confucius had three answers. Even Lutz and You Ran asked "Sven Zhu Xing", but Confucius' answer was completely opposite, which aroused Gong Xihua's suspicion. Is it necessary to teach students according to their aptitude in today's education? I thought it was still usable, just to see how to adapt to today's situation. Different times will inevitably lead to different specific requirements and practices. However, Confucius' attitude towards students and some teaching methods, such as "if you don't get angry, you will be threatened, if you don't get angry, you will be sad, and if you don't send it", are still desirable even today. Before Confucius, he studied in the government. According to Zuo Zhuan, Zheng has a rural school, and only people with a doctorate or above and their children can enter school. Private schools are set up to recruit students, and the tuition is very low, just ten pieces of dried meat. Confucius is probably the first person since ancient times and even in the Spring and Autumn Period. Some people say that at the same time, Shao Zhengmao also recruited apprentices, which may not be credible. Nevertheless, the research of Shao Zhengmao and his students has no influence on future generations. Confucius enrolled students, except Jing Shu and Lu of Nangong. If Sima Niu is really Huan Xuan's brother, only two of them are from noble families, and the rest are mostly from poor families. According to "Historical Records of Zhong Ni's Disciples", Luz is a "dolphin crowned with a rooster, but with jiā", just like a rogue. According to Records of Historical Records Biography of Rangers, Yuan Zhen "lived in an empty room all his life and ate brown clothes", and he was even poorer. The Analects of Confucius said that Gongye Chang was innocent and imprisoned. Assuming that his family has status, he is not necessarily in prison if he is guilty, let alone innocent. It serves to show that she is also a cheap family. According to Disciples' Rules of Justice Biography and Hanshu's Biography of Poetry, Zeng Shen was once a small official, and he took pleasure in fighting for money to support his parents. It can be seen that Ceng Dian and Zeng Shen's father and son are both poor. According to Lu Chunqiu Respecting Teachers, it is a "despicable family of Lu". Yan Hui lived in a mean alley, ate and drank, and died with a coffin, all of which can be found in The Analects. It can be inferred that there are only two students of Confucius, one from a poor background and the other from a rich background. Then, how can Confucius' contribution to spreading culture to the lower classes be obliterated? "A Brief Introduction to Huainan Zi" said: "Mozi learned the skills of Confucianism and was influenced by Confucius." This is not to say that Mozi came from Confucianism, but that at that time, if you want to learn culture and literature, you can't do without Confucius. Han Feizi said that "Confucianism and Mohism are today's outstanding scholars", and a hundred schools of thought contend after Confucianism and Mohism, so I said that the spread and development of China culture cannot be separated from Confucius' collation of ancient documents and the establishment of private schools.