The education boom in Japan began in the Edo period. Some scholars compare the smooth integration of Japanese and western civilizations in the middle and late19th century to the fact that a tree grows flowers, and the education in the Edo period is the root of this modern civilization tree.
Win the world in one fell swoop, and govern the world through culture and education.
In about17th century, Tokugawa Ieyasu won the hegemony during the Warring States Period and established his invincible position in the world. /kloc-in 0/603, he was awarded the title of "foreign general" by the imperial court and opened a shogunate in edo city. Until 1867, Tokugawa Yoshinobu, the last general, returned this great government to the emperor. This Tokugawa era and Japan's 260-year history is the Edo era.
The Tokugawa regime rose in the troubled times of the Warring States. At the end of the Warring States period, the shogunate Kang Jia spent most of his life fighting and killing. He may not have much knowledge, but he has superior knowledge, respects knowledge, keeps fighting and invites scholars to give lectures, which is a bit like Emperor Gaozu. Most of the soldiers who fought against Tokugawa Ieyasu were illiterate farmers who were violent and aggressive. The "condescending" atmosphere left by them during the Warring States period is undoubtedly a hidden danger to the long-term stability of the country. The world has been decided, and the shogunate urgently needs a set of effective ideological weapons.
Data filtering = "filtering" Tokugawa Ieyasu.
In this context, Fujiwara Keiji, a Confucian scholar in Kyoto, made a suggestion to Tokugawa Ieyasu. He believes that Japan was initially established and western forces gradually spread eastward. Neither traditional Shintoism nor Naan religion can bring stability and peace to Japan. Only Confucianism, especially Zhu Xuezhong's "three cardinal guides and five permanents" and "courtesy, justice and honesty" can really bring peace and stability to the country, which is the fundamental guarantee for the shogunate to maintain long-term stability.
Fujiwara Keiji (1561~1619) was born in a family of ministers in Somo (now Hyogo Prefecture). Because it was not the eldest son who could not inherit the family business, he was sent to Suoguo Temple in Kyoto as a monk when he was a teenager. While studying Buddhism, he also learned the Analects of Confucius from the abbot. In his prime, he was famous for his mastery of Confucianism and gave lectures to Toyotomi Hideyoshi and Tokugawa Ieyasu. During the period of 1598, I met Jiangling and his party at Fujian Taoshan Castle in Kyoto, Fujiwara Keiji. From the conversation, I learned that Zhuzi studies are very popular in North Korea, which opened my eyes. Influenced by the Ming Dynasty, the Korean dynasty respected Zhuzi as a national ideology, and many famous Zhuzi scholars (such as Li Tuixi) emerged, which pushed the study of Sinology to a new stage. In Japan, Confucianism is only a branch of Buddhism.
After painstaking research, Fujiwara was already a Japanese master of Zhuzi studies at the beginning of the establishment of the shogunate, and cultivated outstanding scholars such as Lin Luoshan (new student) (1583- 1657), and recommended him to Tokugawa Ieyasu to take charge of the shogunate's cultural and educational undertakings. With the strong support of the shogunate, the national education in Edo, Japan ushered in rapid development.
The birth of the first government-run school of the edo shogunate
Lin Luoshan, who was proficient in Zhuzi studies, was reused by the shogunate as a senior political adviser to the shogunate and was also in charge of the cultural and educational undertakings of the shogunate countries. 1632, Lin Luoshan used a large sum of money donated by Tokugawa Ieyasu and a piece of land located in Ueno, Ren Gang, to build the "First Hall" of the shogunate cultural and educational center as a place for giving lectures and offering sacrifices to Confucius. This is the first Confucius Institute in Japanese history and the first government-run college. Directly under the jurisdiction of the shogunate, the highest person in charge of the school was inherited by the Lin family.
1690, in order to meet the growing needs of cultivating shogunate talents, General Tokugawa Tsunayoshi ordered the "First Hall" to be moved to Kantiantang Island, and re-planned the expansion, and built the lecture hall and student dormitory of the school building. This is the "Tangdao Temple" of the shogunate official school, which is famous for the history of Japanese education. It is a national educational institution specially serving the shogunate, and its official name is "Changping Sakamoto Academy". With the continuous expansion of the school scale, students were initially limited to children of Mu Chen, and later expanded to ordinary samurai students. Later, even warriors, villagers and even ronins from various countries were allowed to study as long as they were interested.
Data-filtered="filtered "Dacheng Hall of Tangdao Temple
As the seat of the highest institution of learning of the edo shogunate, the area around Kanda Tangdao has become the most scholarly institution street in edo Japan in more than two centuries. Because of this origin, the surrounding areas of Kanda and Imperial Tea are the top cultural and educational areas with the largest number of Japanese universities and the most concentrated cultural industries such as bookstores and publishing houses.
At the end of the edo shogunate, Matthew, the prefect of the US East Indian Navy? Perry led four armored warships and knocked down the door that Japan had closed for two and a half centuries, and all kinds of new knowledge poured in. In order to meet the needs of the new situation, the official school of the shogunate kept pace with the times, and the Shufan Institute was added to teach English, the Kaicheng Institute to teach western learning, the Wujiang Institute to learn western troops, and the Medical Institute to teach western epidemic prevention techniques. After the Meiji Restoration, Japan introduced the western university system from France, and after continuous integration, it merged the Kaicheng College with the Medical College, becoming the predecessor of the University of Tokyo, an important town for cultivating elites in Japan today.
Archipelago countries set off a craze for running schools.
Under the shogunate's advocacy, more than 200 vassal states all over the country responded positively, and set up vassal schools one after another to train the children of vassal warriors. Francisco School is a government-run school, similar to local schools. Based on the model of Hirasakamoto College in Edo Prefecture, every warlord has one or even several schools, mainly martial arts and Confucianism, which teach martial arts and knowledge to samurai children. Among them, the most famous ones are Rixin Museum of Hui Jinfan, Know Museum of Zhuang Neifan, Hongdao Museum of Fan, Learning Museum of Ji Yifan and Learning Museum of Zhongjinfan, all of which are in the field of Edo culture and education. Before the Meiji Restoration, there were more than 800 schools in Japan.
The content and scale of teaching vary from place to place, but one thing is common, that is, compulsory enrollment, similar to the compulsory education system. Generally, the children of princes began to enter school at the age of 7-8, learning literature first, and then practicing martial arts ("literature" refers to the simple reading and calligraphy of the four books and five classics; "Wu" means the art of using saber and bowing horses),/kloc-graduated at the age of 0/5-20, and inherited his family business or became an official. The cost of running a provincial school is supported by the financial allocation of the local provincial government. Not only do the children of governors not have to pay tuition fees, but those with excellent grades may also get similar scholarships and have the opportunity to be selected to study in the shogunate school in Edo City. On the other hand, affiliated schools are very strict with students. According to records, the Ministry of Culture and Education of the shogunate stipulates that entrance examinations will be held in local subordinate schools from June to 10 every year, and those who fail the examinations will be punished accordingly. If you fail three times in a row, your uncle may be deprived of the qualification to inherit the family business, and even your family will be punished by salary reduction. In the Edo era, the education of children was related to family honor, even to the survival or abolition of family businesses, thus forming a tradition of attaching importance to education in Japanese society.
187 1 year, with the implementation of the Meiji * * * "Abandoned Fan County", the Fan School was abolished. The following year, Japan promulgated the educational reform regulations, and local schools directly or indirectly became various primary schools and institutions of higher learning under the new academic system. For example, the "Rixin Pavilion" of Huijinfan founded by 1664 later became a Fukushima prefectural institution of higher learning; Another example is the "Minglun Yangxian Hall" founded by Sendai Fan in 1783, which is the predecessor of Northeastern University Medical College today, and has deep roots with Sendai Medical College where Lu Xun once studied.
From the middle period of Edo, private schools appeared outside the governors. Private schools, also known as "rural learning" or "learning", are mostly held by scholars in their own homes, which have the nature of folk academic research and are generally not under the jurisdiction or control of the shogunate. Most of the students come from samurai or villagers, and they are free to transfer to other private schools. These private schools later developed into carriers of folk academic research and inheritance at the end of the curtain, and also gave birth to new ideas and concepts in modern Japan. Among them, Kouan Ogata's "Yi Shu" in Osaka and Yoshida's "Matsushita Village" are famous schools in modern Japanese school history.
Data-filtered="filtered "Matsushita Village School
"Medical Skills" was established in 1843, mainly teaching Dutch and western medicine, and enrolling students in various countries in the archipelago. According to a student's name recorded by Ogata himself, in the past 20 years, as many as 1000 samurai have come to the school, and great figures such as Fukuzawa Yukichi (a modern Japanese enlightenment thinker), Keisuke Oto (a Meiji diplomat), Yoshijiro Omura (a strategist) and Nagato Tezhai (the founder of modern Japanese medicine) have emerged, making this private school quite famous.
Temple House: Folk Basic Education throughout Japan
After the Meiji Restoration, in order to quickly integrate with the West and cultivate local talents, Japan hired a large number of Europeans and Americans to teach in Japan. 1874, a Russian scholar named Miki Nenkov was invited to teach foreign languages in Tokyo. Memories of Meiji Restoration, written by him, recorded the face of Japanese society in the early Meiji period from the perspective of a bystander. Among them, he was particularly impressed by the social education in Japan at that time: at that time, the popularity of social education in Japan was amazing, and even the bottom people such as drivers, coolies and maids read books whenever they were free. Although the readers of these pamphlets are mostly popular novels, it can be seen that the literacy rate in Japanese society is very high. According to his understanding, before Meiji, the youth enrollment rate in Edo City reached 70-86%, and the literacy rate exceeded 50%. At the same time, the literacy rate in industrialized countries in Europe and America was 20-25% in Britain, 14% in France, and about 20% in Moscow, the capital of the Tsar Empire. The literacy rate in Japan is far ahead.
This achievement is attributed to the large-scale popularization of temples, a folk primary education institution in the Edo period.
As a folk basic education institution, the temple has a long history. Buddhism prevailed in Heian period (8-12nd century), and folk education was basically monopolized by monasteries. In order to popularize Buddhist knowledge, an educational institution called Siziwu has appeared in the temple to help lay children read and write. But at that time, the number was small, mostly in temples or shrines. The content of learning is mainly to teach simple reading and writing skills. It was only in the Edo period that the temple-based primary education for civilians entered the homes of ordinary people.
In the past, education was the privilege of officials, nobles, monks and upper-class warriors, which was basically out of touch with the civilian class. During the Edo period, the society in tokugawa era was stable and the commodity economy was highly developed. People are more and more aware of the importance of education. At the same time, the development of printing industry has also changed people's reading and writing methods, and a large number of books have been printed and distributed, which also makes it possible to popularize folk education. As the largest carrier of folk basic education, temples have become private schools for children of ordinary people, which is different from "temples" in history. Temple houses in the edo period were generally run by individuals, but some were donated by private businessmen or community residents. Teachers are called "teachers". They are monks, gods, warriors or community civil servants. At the end of the curtain, there is Mrs. Wu Jia as a teacher in the temple, which is the first time in the history of education that there is a female teacher.
Different from China's ancient tradition of "learning to be an excellent official", there are no imperial scholars in Japan, and the identities of all classes are relatively fixed, so the starting point of education is to cultivate children who can inherit the family business, have expertise in learning and have good conduct, so the learning content of temples pays attention to practicality. Children generally enter school at the age of five or six, and the main courses are three basic skills: "reading", "writing" and "abacus", which are public basic courses. Then according to their family occupation, determine the corresponding courses and teaching materials. For example, the textbook for children of businessmen is Business Sales, which teaches commodity names, business skills and currency exchange knowledge. Farmers' children take People's Communication as the teaching material, which involves agricultural skills, land tax, cattle and horse breeding and rural life knowledge; In addition, the children of artisans or fishermen use the corresponding teaching materials such as "Exchange of Artisans" and "Exchange of Ships". After these children have a certain learning foundation, they will attend the ethics textbook "Liu Yan Yu Yi" and the standardized letter writing "Information Exchange". According to statistics, there were as many as 7,000 kinds of textbooks published in the Edo period, all of which were aimed at temple students, showing the popularity of temple education at that time.
Temple teachers make a living by teaching and are professional teachers. Children need to pay tuition fees, which is called "bundling", but the amount of tuition fees is not clearly defined. Tuition is paid five times a year, and each family pays according to its own financial ability. Rich businessmen pay 1 penny each time, and ordinary families pay 200 to 300 pence. Tuition fees will not be a burden on families, and children of farmers can also use fresh vegetables, bean paste or local products as tuition fees. The teachers in the temple have an average income, but they are highly respected by the society. In the long-term teaching process, teachers and students have forged a profound friendship. Once they get started, they will be regarded as fathers and brothers for life. The disciples of the temple were called "Bizi", and the master craftsman died. The "nose" caused his death. Bury the grave of this skillful craftsman, commonly known as "Bizi Tomb". So far, there are many such cemeteries in the suburbs of Tokyo, and there are more than 2,300 well-preserved "Bizi Tombs" on the Fangzong Peninsula in Chiba Prefecture.
/kloc-at the beginning of the 0 th and 8 th centuries, temple houses appeared everywhere on the island. In order to ensure the teaching quality and ideological supervision, in 17 1 1, the shogunate promulgated the Nine Rules for Temple House Teachers and Craftsmen, which brought temple house teachers into the national cultural and educational management system, and further prospered the temple house basic education. According to the book Historical Materials of Japanese Education compiled by 1883, there were 16560 temples registered by the shogunate at the beginning of the 9th century, with an annual increase of 300. According to the research of Professor Dashi of Yi Xue University in Tokyo, before the Meiji Restoration, the figure was as high as 70,000. Around 1830, temples have spread all over Japan, and even the remote Yinshan mine has temples for miners' children, which has truly realized that "all the people in the city learn and all the children at home learn".
The scattered temple houses played an important role in widely improving the cultural knowledge of ordinary people, cultivating the national enthusiasm for learning and respecting the social atmosphere of education, and laid the foundation for the educational reform of Meiji Restoration. In the early years of Meiji, Japan abolished temples and implemented six-year compulsory education, which achieved a smooth transformation almost overnight. As far as teachers are concerned, there are more than 700 teachers in Temple House in Tokyo who have been trained to become ordinary primary school teachers directly.