1, teleology of education
The purpose of education mainly refers to the training goal, that is, the specifications of talents. Educators' political opinions stipulate the standards and requirements for training talents, and political opinions are often his educational purpose.
Han Yu's political proposition is the Confucian way of benevolence and righteousness and the three cardinal guides and six disciplines. His requirements for talent specifications are: loyalty to the monarch, honesty and integrity, and combination of legal system and legal system. To this end, Han Yu expounded the viewpoint of "nourishing qi and calming down" in "University" and further standardized the training objectives.
Daxue is one of The Book of Rites, and its status has been improved since Han Yu. In the original way, Han Yu quoted an important saying from the university: "Those who want virtue in ancient times should rule their country first;" If you want to govern your country, you should first get your family together; If you want to reunite with your family, you should first repair your body; If you want to cultivate yourself, you should be upright first; If you want to be right, you must be sincere. " However, "in ancient times, people who are sincere will make a difference."
This passage means to take the cultivation of mind as the basis of everything. The purpose of emphasizing "honesty" and "righteousness" is to rule the country and level the world. After the Song Dynasty, Daxue became an independent Confucian classic and was listed as one of the "Four Books".
Han Yu's "honest official" refers to keeping officials clean, keeping politics clear, eliminating all evils and suppressing violence, with the aim of consolidating the political power of feudal countries.
With regard to concurrent ceremony, the ceremony here refers to the feudal hierarchy. "Benevolence" and "courtesy" are two complementary and integrated aspects of Confucianism.
Han Yu put ceremony, music, punishment and politics together as the way to govern the country. He is a scholar, a bureaucrat and also in charge of the military. Therefore, on the issue of governing the country, he advocated paying equal attention to Confucianism and law, and paying equal attention to punishment and education.
Rites and music refer to thought, culture and behavior, while criminal administration refers to politics and law, both of which are indispensable. The "tradition" mentioned by Han Yu is the "Tao" of Confucianism, that is, the feudal hierarchy, ethics and behavior etiquette that embody the "three cardinal principles" and "six disciplines".
Among the above standards, loyalty to the masses is the core content. Honesty, courtesy and tradition are the inevitable requirements for cultivating loyalty to the monarch and practicing loyalty to the masses. With these qualities, Confucian scholars can rule the country and level the world.
According to the requirements of educational purpose, the content of education is basically political, ideological and moral education, that is, moral education, including the whole set of Confucian theories of benevolence, righteousness and morality; Second, knowledge education, including books, changes, spring and autumn; Third, political education includes ceremony, music and punishment.
2. Theory about the role of education.
The role of education here refers to the role of education in developing human nature. Educators and thinkers in ancient China all talked about human nature. As far as Confucianism is concerned, Han Yu had the theory of "good nature", "evil nature" and "three products of nature" before.
The purpose of their talk about "human nature" is to show that the ruling class is predestined, born as a "ruler", and all beings who work hard are "stupid", "evil" and "rulers".
Han Yu is a theorist of "Three Sexes". He wrote the article "First Sex", expressing his basic views on human nature. He believes that human nature is innate and has moral qualities such as "benevolence, righteousness, courtesy, wisdom and faith"; "Sex" is divided into three categories: upper, middle and lower. Top-grade people are "good", middle-grade people are "enlightened" and inferior people are "evil".
He believes that there are emotions besides sex, and emotions are "born of things", including "happiness, anger, sadness, fear, love, evil and desire". Emotions are also divided into three categories. He believes that people with morality can "control" the expression of seven emotions; People with China's personality require moderate emotions, but they often have "something to do" and "something to die", that is, too much and too little, which is inappropriate; People with low self-esteem "act by feeling" and have no control.
Han Yu believes that people with "three products" are fixed within the boundaries of natural "products" and are "immovable" and cannot be transformed into each other. In the interior of "goods", people can be changed through enlightenment and punishment. The function of education is to let sex move in the established character.
According to Han Yu's theory of "three qualities of sex", the role of education is bound to be greatly limited if the upper and lower qualities do not move. However, his theory of "temperament" had an influence on Neo-Confucianism in Song and Ming Dynasties.
3. Discussion on teachers' problems
Han Yu's most outstanding contribution in the history of education is his exposition of "teacher". In the year of Zhenyuan 18 in Tang Dezong (AD 802), there was a serious social atmosphere of "being ashamed to follow the teacher". Moreover, this ethos has been circulating for hundreds of years since the Wei and Jin Dynasties, and "it has been unknown for a long time to learn from others". At that time, Han Yugang had just entered imperial academy and was a doctor in four subjects. In the face of this bad atmosphere, in order to save the teacher's way, he not only endured humiliation, but also made a "teacher talk."
At that time, Liu Zongyuan commented: "In the absence of a teacher's way, only Han Yu ignored the customs, laughed and scolded, learned at the call, and wrote Teacher's Theory, and became a teacher because of his resistance." The basic spirit of Shi Shuo is consistent with the idea of "writing with heavy load" in the "ancient prose movement"
"On Teachers" is the first article in the history of education in China that comprehensively discusses teachers' ways in theory. Its ideological significance lies in inheriting and developing predecessors' view of teaching, which is original and the essence of Han Yu's educational thought, and provides new and more progressive insights for China's educational history.
Although there are only 456 words in Shi Shuo, its subtle thoughts have always influenced educators in past dynasties, and it is a precious educational document in the history of ancient education in China. This is a valuable educational legacy.
Han Yu is not only a great writer, politician, but also a great educator. His educational thought has a far-reaching influence on later generations, and he is respected as a great educator by later generations. As an upright and ambitious scholar, Han Yu advocates the view that Confucianism actively joins the WTO.
In the process of participating in politics, he deeply realized the importance of education to feudal rule, so he was very concerned about education, and spent his whole life thinking hard about talents and actively devoted himself to education. He devoted a lot of efforts in educational practice and made outstanding contributions to the development and progress of education.
His deeds are as follows: (1) During his four-subject doctorate and Guozi, he kept giving lectures everywhere and encouraged him to study after school; During his tenure as the secretariat of Chaozhou, he donated money to help students and vigorously set up rural schools, which promoted the rapid development of Chaozhou education. The educational works left by Han Yu systematically discuss all aspects of talents and education, many of which are constructive views.
From his main works, we can roughly summarize Han Yu's educational thought as follows: educational teleology put forward to realize the "ancient road"; The theory about the role of education is related to his view of human nature; The "teacher theory" of respecting teachers and valuing morality; "The Way of Learning" and the teaching experience summarized in its long-term educational practice.
Baidu encyclopedia-Han Yu