According to the existing literature, it was Kong Anguo who first explained Confucius' sentence "Kamiuchi is a fool". "Smart can't do evil, and stupid can't do good." Biography of the Analects of Confucius in the Song Dynasty, On Shu Yi by Liang, Collected Notes on the Analects by Xing Bing in the Song Dynasty, Collected Notes on Four Books by Zhu in the Song Dynasty, Justice of the Analects by Liu Baonan in the Qing Dynasty, etc. All of them are played up and down on the basis of Kong Anguo's explanation, but now most experts and scholars have not left this category. Some new explanations are mostly groundless and unconvincing. Someone listed the main explanation of Confucius' sentence "Kamiuchi, there are fools under him". One is the explanation in "Han Shugu Ren Jin Table": "Be good and not evil, that is, know from the top; Being able to do evil instead of good is called stupidity. " This explanation refers to people's quality and behavior. It means that "upper knowledge" is the person who does good things without doing bad things, "lower stupidity" is the person who does bad things without doing good things, and "unchanged" will not change. The second explanation is the explanation of Sun Xingyan's Collection of Questions in Qing Dynasty. He believes that Confucius' words refer to human knowledge: "Knowing from the top, that is, knowing from birth, being stupid means being trapped and not learning." "Being superior" means being born with superhuman wisdom, while "being inferior" means being ignorant and unwilling to learn. Superman is of course the best, and those who don't learn are the next. The third explanation can be found in Zhu's Notes to Chapters and Sentences, which he thinks is a continuation of the previous chapter. "Confucius said: similar in sex, far in learning", the two chapters can be combined into one. People are all similar in nature, and they are all similar. Because of the differences in environment and education, there are differences in knowledge, intelligence and quality. The reason why the "next fool" is "motionless" is mainly that he refuses to study, does not work hard to make progress, gives up on himself and sticks to his own opinions. The fourth is the new explanation of modern anti-Confucius school. From the point of view of "class and class struggle", they cursed Confucius for saying that "only the upper class knows, and the lower class is stupid", which touted the aristocratic class as "the upper class knows"; Slamming the working people as "fools" and advocating the rule of the aristocratic class and the working people who are born as "fools" will never change. "。" Confucius is an accomplice of fools who serve and cheat the people, and a deadly enemy of people's awakening and liberation. This absurd explanation once prevailed. Fifth, the rulers should listen to and obey the public opinion, which conforms to the Confucian people-oriented thought and becomes the forerunner of modern democratic thought. So, how should this sentence be explained? Analysis should start with every word. The key word in "Kamiuchi, there is a fool under the sun" is "knowledge". The "knowledge" of "superior knowledge" is now interpreted as "wisdom". Reason: "Wisdom" comes from "knowledge". For example, in the Spring and Autumn Period, when Duke Jing of Jin was in the state of Jin, Xun, the third son of general Xun of Jin, was given a fief in Zhi (now the north of Yongji City, the south of Linyi County and the southeast of yongji city Old Town in Yuncheng, Shanxi Province), and he took Zhi as his surname. History books call Xun Shou (knowing the first), knowing Zhuangzi and knowing the dead. "The first surname was Zhi, and it was changed from Zhi to Zhi after the Han Dynasty." "Wisdom" is a word created after "knowledge" to express the meaning of intelligence and wisdom. Prove that the above explanation is wrong. Xu Shen's Shuo Wen Jie Zi in the Eastern Han Dynasty is recorded in detail. The word "wisdom" includes Oracle Bone Inscriptions, Xiao Zhuan and inscriptions on bronze. The word "Oracle Bone Inscriptions" means left wisdom and right loss, while ancient Chinese means left knowledge and right loss, indicating cleverness. So "wisdom" exists from the beginning of words, not words created after "knowledge". Because the word "wisdom" is not a new word after "knowledge", Confucius will not use "knowledge" instead of "wisdom" when he should use it. For example, some people say that other "knowledge" in the Analects of Confucius also refers to "wisdom". For example, "those who know are benevolent." Some people translate it as: the wise use benevolence. As far as Confucius' "knower" is concerned, I'm afraid there are natural knowers; Those who learn and know; There are three kinds of people who are trapped in learning knowledge, so these three kinds of people must be smart and wise. Obviously not. If we translate "knowledge is benevolence" into: knowledge is benevolence. Is it more accurate? There are some sentences in The Analects that use "wisdom" to explain "knowledge", all of which are very problematic. There is no explanation here. So how does "knowledge" mean "wisdom"? Kong Anguo. "Smart can't do evil, and stupid can't do good." Interpretation of the Analects of Confucius in Song Dynasty, On Semantic Sparseness by Liang, Annotation on the Analects of Confucius by Xing Bing in Song Dynasty, Justice of the Analects of Confucius by Liu Baonan in Qing Dynasty, etc. They are all based on Kong Anguo's explanation, but their explanation of "wisdom" is to interpret "wisdom" as a ruler or a powerful person, not a "wise" person. For example, a "wise" person is Yao Shun. The "stupid" people are Jay and Zhou. Qi Huangong and Guan Zhong are both from China. Song Zhuxi's Notes on the Four Books only mentioned "stupidity" without giving any explanation to "cleverness". It is found by textual research that the interpretation of "superior" as "superior" was originally the product of Confucius' criticism during the Cultural Revolution. And our scholars after the Cultural Revolution are still misusing it. You can't look at the sentence "only know above, stupid below" in isolation. We should look at what Confucius said on this issue, understand his whole views and thoughts as comprehensively as possible, and accurately grasp history, so as to accurately grasp Confucius' true thoughts. "I am a fool who only knows the top but doesn't know the bottom" is similar to the previous sentence, "I am far from learning." As a connecting link between the preceding and following sentences. When explaining these two sentences, Zhu said this: "Knowing the voice is as mentioned in the previous chapter. In people's similar temperament, there are beauty and evil in benevolence and righteousness, which is definitely not what Xi can do. Cheng Zi said that human nature is good, and it is good to be motionless, and it is foolish to be clear about his talents. As the saying goes, there are two ways to be a fool, giving up on yourself. If a person is autonomous by virtue, he can't move. Although stupid, everyone can slowly grind out progress. Only those who give up on themselves will refuse to believe enough. People who give up on themselves will never accomplish anything. Although a saint and a residence can't be one, Zhong Ni is called a fool. But its nature is not necessarily fatuous and stupid, and it is often forced to cooperate with people who have surpassed others, and businessmen are also dead. Saints and their self-destruction are called stupidity. However, if you go back to the exam, you will be scared. Or this should be integrated with the previous chapter. Confucius said, "Two years will benefit you." In his explanation, Zhu did not focus on "knowledge", but interpreted "being a fool" as "not accepting educators", that is, "a person who gives up on himself will never do anything, although a saint can't turn people into a fool." The author thinks that although Zhu didn't give a complete explanation of the whole sentence in Interpretation of the Text, he didn't give such a wise expression of "knowledge" in the text, so the present explanation is definitely not Zhu's meaning. The author made up this sentence according to Zhu's meaning. First of all, it is affirmed that a "fool" is a "person who doesn't want to receive education". Living with a saint can't change this person's mind. This kind of person is called "being a fool". Confucius' thought is to educate all fools, so Confucius founded the idea of "teaching without discrimination". Speaking of this, we must first talk about Confucius' sentence, "Sex is similar, but it is far from it." Now the interpretation of this sentence is: human nature is similar, and the difference between people's morality and knowledge is the result of acquired learning. "Learning" here is "habit". The author believes that this "learning" should be accomplished through learning and education. The explanation of "Xi" in Ci Yuan is: birds practice flying; Review; Learning; Familiar with; Habits, etc. "Learning" and "habit" have different meanings to this sentence. According to the original explanation, "similar in sex, far away in learning": people's temperament varies greatly with different habits. Explain with "learning": human nature is the same, but because of different learning and education, people's temperament is different. Since birth, some people have received a good education, while others have not received any education. And uneducated people are definitely different from educated people. Confucius saw this. He thought that the beginning of life was similar in gender, but the difference in education increased the gap between people. What does "upper knowledge" mean? Confucius did not agree with "knowing from birth" when he was born, but only admitted "learning and knowing". The original explanation of "knowledge" is often used as "wisdom". I think this is a mistake, because even Zhu did not regard "knowledge" as "wisdom". "Knowledge" means "knowledge" and also means "knowledge". "Advanced knowledge" is synonymous with "aristocratic culture". Everyone who studies history knows that before Confucius, culture and education were monopolized by nobles, which is the so-called "learning in the official". Official learning is aristocratic, and cultural knowledge is exclusive to the nobility. Wang Can can't accept this kind of aristocratic education. "Confucius' private school is in line with the downward trend of culture and Wang's demand for cultural education. He consciously and clearly set up the banner of "teaching without class" and created a new situation of "changing the official school into the common people's school", which is an epoch-making symbol of the "study abroad immigration room" in the history of education in China. (Excerpted from Zhang Zongshun and Li Jing's masterpiece The Biography of Confucius). The "superior learning" in Confucius' only sentence refers to this kind of "cultural knowledge that only nobles can learn." "He" means "He" in other explanations, but "He" also means "Give". The author thinks that "harmony" here means "giving", not "harmony". "Fool" in Zhu's sense refers to people who don't want to be educated, but I think "fool" refers to little people who have no education. Before Confucius, Wang could not receive education, so they were ignorant. Only by imparting this "cultural knowledge that only aristocrats can learn" to the people, so that all "fools" can receive education, can we truly achieve "same-sex distance learning." . It is in this way that Confucius came up with the idea that "Kamiuchi is a fool". So "sex is similar, learning is far away." This sentence should be understood as follows: "People are all similar in nature, and it is precisely because of different education that there will be different differences. Only by imparting knowledge from above (cultural knowledge belonging to the nobility) to the king without culture is it unshakable. " To sum up, we can see that "the upper talent knows the lower fool" is an educational thought put forward by Confucius, which conforms to the downward trend of culture and the king's demand for cultural education and moves "the upper knowledge" (a noble culture) to the lower fool's king.