Many scholars in private schools in the Southern Dynasties fled to the mountains and lived in the countryside, but they were very enthusiastic about education. For example, Liu Song's Shen Daoqian lived in seclusion in the countryside, and the county government made him an official for twelve times. He didn't do anything, but paid for "the teenagers in the village to study at the same speed." Guan Kangzhi is proficient in Zuo's Spring and Autumn Annals and teaches his disciples in seclusion in the mountains. Another example is the collection of Xu Rong, "pure heart and eager to learn", which includes books in the East and West Jin Dynasties and records 1 10. Professor Jingkou lives in seclusion. Wu Bao is good at three rites, Lao and Zhuang. Song Hetai began to cross the river and recruited disciples to teach. Crown kudzu vine towel, bamboo tail, vegetable food for more than 20 years. With Liu. . Thanks to Professor Chu Yan for coming back to the house. . . Students listen to the Book of Rites, The Analects of Confucius and The Book of Filial Piety. . Listening to Bao and Shen Linzhi's "nothing to do, study hard" in the evening, he refused to be an official. "I don't live in seclusion, but I am a professor of Confucian classics. I have hundreds of bachelor's degrees and I live in my own house. I sometimes say,' There are wise men in Wucha Mountain, and professors are behind closed doors' ". Xu Botao and Lou Youyu "are also disciples of professors and should not be recruited" (2). Liu is a famous scholar in private schools in Southern Qi Dynasty. . "There are often dozens of people who study less, learn the Five Classics and gather professors." He has no sense of being an official and lives in poverty, but "Confucianism was the crown at that time, and the scholars in the capital had to leave the table." Another example is Zhuge Xuan's "hardworking nature". Later, he will become a scholar until "4", so that the house is too narrow to hold. Many hermits in the Southern Dynasties made great contributions to the development of private schools in the Southern Dynasties. During the Southern Dynasties, many officials also attached importance to private education. Although I was in officialdom, I was also taught by disciples. For example, Fu Manrong, a scattered doctor in the Song Dynasty, lived in the east of Jiankang Crock Temple. "Teachers sit high and listen to things, and there are guests. In terms of sitting, mentoring is always a hundred." . Liang took part in the military service. "He lives in Chaogou, talks about the Analects of Confucius in the house, and the listener leans towards it. Rarely have a group of professors at the same time, which is very different from "⑥". Si Qi Ma and Tong Zhi, "always collect the opinions of all students and never slack off." ⑦ Although Cui Lingen is a doctor in Guo Zi, he still "gathers disciples to teach, and the audience is often hundreds". Chen's teaching assistant said, "every self-study is taught in a private room, and hundreds of people are studying." Private schools in the Southern Dynasties were quite common and large, with hundreds of people at every turn. The level of people who run private schools is also very complicated, including hermits and officials. The teaching content of private schools is also very rich, among which Confucian classics, especially etiquette, are the main ones. Laozi and Zhuangzi also teach in private schools. Even astronomical calendars, geomantic omen, temperament, medicine and so on. Private scholars, such as Liu, have different emphases according to their own research and preferences. . Emphasis is placed on Li, while Wu Bao focuses on The Analects of Confucius and The Book of Filial Piety. Shen's gobang is a heavy machine, which was told by all the students "(1); Private schools in Xu Rong, on the other hand, focus on history. This kind of private school breaks through the unified education of Confucianism and is conducive to cultural development.
① Institute of Natural History, China Academy of Sciences: History of Ancient Architectural Technology in China, Science Press, 1985, p. 189. (2) History of the South Volume 75, 76 Biography of Shen Daoqian, Zang Biography, Wubao Biography, Lin Shenzhuan and Xu Bozhen Biography. (3) History of the South Volume 75, 76 Biography of Shen Daoqian, Zang Biography, Wubao Biography, Lin Shenzhuan and Xu Bozhen Biography.
① Luo: China Ancient Pagoda, China Ancient Architecture Academic Lecture Collection, China Prospect Publishing House, 1986. (2) History of the South Volume 75, 76 Biography of Shen Daoqian, Zang Biography, Wubao Biography, Lin Shenzhuan and Xu Bozhen Biography. (3) the southern qi book volume 39 "liu. . Biography.
(4) "Southern History" Volume 76 "ZhuGeLiangChuan".
(5) The History of the South (volume 7 1) is attached by Fu Manrong, Fu Tingchuan, He Tongchuan and Cui Lingen. ⑥ History of the South (Volume 7 1) is attached by Fu Manrong, Fu Tingchuan, He Tongchuan and Cui Lingen. ⑦ History of the South (volume 7 1) is attached to Fu Manrong's biographies of Fu Tingchuan, He Tongchuan and Cui Lingen. (8) History of the South (volume 7 1), Biography of Fu Manrong and its accompanying biographies of Fu Tingchuan, He Tongchuan and Cui Lingen.
(1) "Luoyang Galand" Volume 2. After the reconstruction of the Northern Wei Dynasty, Jintaikang Temple was renamed Ling Ying Temple. This tower is still the third floor. In addition to Confucian private schools, Taoist private schools in the Southern Dynasties also developed. After Ge Hong reformed and reinterpreted Wudou Mi Dao in the Eastern Jin Dynasty, Taoism was not only widely spread among the common people, but also popular among the upper gentry and even the royal family. Taoism was very popular in the Southern Dynasties. The Preface to the Book of Song said that Du Zigong preached that "the local tyrants in the capital of the Eastern Jin Dynasty looked at it, regarded it as a disciple, and respected it three times", which made "fools respect it (Sun Tai) as a god, and all of them exhausted their wealth and entered their sons to celebrate it". In this strong atmosphere, it is not surprising that Taoist private schools have emerged. For example, Du Jingchan, a native of Wujun (whose great-grandfather was Du Zigong), "closes his eyes and respects the official, which is quite involved in the context and specializes in Huang Lao". He began to "teach in Dongshan, Xianning" and later "gather professors in Rimenshan, Huiji". Although he once invited the famous Confucian Liu. . I went to Guangming Mountain to give lectures, but I'm sure he taught Taoism. Another example is Zhang Ji's "quiet and natural, not seeking glory or profit, often longing for leisure". He lives in a mountain pond, grows flowers and teaches Zhouyi, Lao Zi and Zhuang Zi. Wujun, Lu Yuanlang, Zhu, Fa Cai, Shaman of Yicheng Temple, Huiba, Shaman of Qingyun Temple and Yao Sui, the most sincere Taoist, all spread the cause. His private school is also a Taoist private school.
Private schools of Buddhism also appeared in the Southern Dynasties, because Buddhism spread very rapidly in the Southern Dynasties, especially in Liang Wudi, and even reached the status of "state religion". As far as Buddhism itself is concerned, on the question of whether Samoans respect the king (that is, worship the king), southern Buddhists finally made concessions to the imperial power, which is an important reason for the widespread spread of Buddhism. For example, Xu Xiaoke "lived in Qiantang and had a good sleep, discussed and interpreted the scriptures with monks, and then passed the" three theories ". At two o'clock every day, I talked about Buddhist scriptures, and later I talked about rituals. Hundreds of people were influenced by Taoist customs. At least half of his private schools are Buddhist. Another example is the friendship between monk Zhao and Liu, whose kindness is from Qingzhou and he wants to study on the shore. He was scared and left with his clothes. Later, he suddenly became a shaman, lived in the valley late, and often followed a pot. Once the disciple said,' I should die tonight. A lot of money in the pot 1000, so as to lead the way to Jiuquan and hold a candle to take a photo of a seven-foot corpse'. Died at night. At that time, people thought they knew life. "(1) was cited as a scholar by the secretariat of South Xuzhou and Wang Lun of Liang Zhaoling. "He told Shu about Vimo, Laozi and Zhouyi, and published a topic that day, and two thousand people listened to Taoism and vulgarity." .
Most private schools in the Southern Dynasties are inclusive in teaching content, Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism can coexist, and sects are not emphasized when teaching or giving lectures, but the key is to see if there are new ideas and whether the arguments can stand scrutiny. On the same day, before giving Ma Shu a lecture across three disciplines, Xiao Lun asked the audience to ask questions and said to the audience, "When you write a paper with Master Ma, you must lie down, and you must not set the subject and object in vain" (3). Because Ma Shu is really knowledgeable, everyone has to accept it. This academic debate was very strong during the Southern Dynasties. For example, Liang Wudi and many princes refused to accept Fan Zhen's theism, but instead of using political power to suppress him, they argued with him several times. Another example is Xu Bozhen, who is an authentic Confucian, but he is "good at explaining Laozi and Zhuangzi and a Taoist in the Ming Dynasty". Another example is Zhou's mastery of the Five Classics and Five Wefts, which is called mastery of the Ten Classics. "When I had nothing to do, I read Lao He Yi, so I went to Lushan Mountain to help a monk put Yuan back." (5) Later, I opened a museum to give lectures. It was called "Tong Ming". Obviously, his school pays equal attention to Confucianism and Buddhism. This kind of free academic atmosphere is rare in the history of our country and the essence of China traditional culture, which is worth inheriting. As far as academic origin is concerned, the cultural and educational policy of "respecting Confucianism, respecting Buddhism and respecting the elderly" in Sui and Tang Dynasties was accepted by Luo: Collection of Academic Lectures on Ancient Pagoda and China in China, China Prospect Publishing House, 1986. (3) "Southern History" Volume 25 "Du Jing Production Biography".
④ History of the South (Volume 7 1) and Biography of Zhang Yi.
(5) "Chen Shu" Volume 26 "Xu Xiaoguang Biography".
① Institute of Natural Science History, Chinese Academy of Sciences: History of Ancient Architectural Technology in China, Science Press, 1985, page 2 16. ② Shu Wei Shi Lu.
③ Biography of Chen Shu (19) Ma Shu.
(4) the history of the south volume 76 biography of Xu Bozhen.
(5) "Southern History" Volume 75 "Biography of Xu Zhou".
The southern academic influence is great. This ethos mainly prevailed in private schools in the Southern Dynasties, and its significance should not be underestimated.