(1) is selected from Yanzi Chunqiu. Yan Zi was a politician of Qi in the Spring and Autumn Period. Fructus Aurantii (zhǐ), also called Chenpi.
(2) Ambassador: Ambassador.
(3) Idioms: good at rhetoric and good at talking.
(4) Fang Lai: I will.
(5) Why: What method?
(6) for: yes, yes.
(7) He Zuo: What crime did the preposition object commit? Sit down and commit a crime.
(8) Drunk: When you are happy when drinking.
(9) Yi (y √): Go, go, here refers to an audience and a visit.
(10) Li: Just like "he", what.
(1 1) Reality: Originally.
(12) Avoid the seat: leave the seat.
(13) In fact: their fruits. Its, on behalf of them. Fruit, fruit.
(14) Why? What is the reason? Sure, like this, like this. What? what? So, rational, rational.
(15) Nothing: Murphy.
(16) Sages don't love others: Sages can't be teased casually. Xi, use "hit" to tease.
(17) On the contrary: boring. Illness, humiliation
(18) stealing: stealing.
(19) ACTS: Just, just.
(20) smell: I heard.
(2 1) Good: Good at it.
(22) pay: return.
(23) The King of Chu gave Yanzi wine: The King of Chu gave Yanzi a pot of wine.
(24) Say ... Yue: Say it. ...
(25) binding: binding.
(26) soil and water without Chu, make people good and steal. Yes: no ... what is it? Fixed format. Or Murphy
(27) humiliation: humiliation.
Transcend: to surpass or surpass.
(29) for: become, become
(30) About: people around you, ministers around you.
(3 1) Pass: Pass
(32) Line: Walking
(33) the reason ...
(34) for (what is "for"? ): do, do
(35) Yu (today's people's livelihood is long, "Yu" is not stolen): Yes.
Take away: incur
Common words
(1): What do you mean?
(2) Xi: teasing by "playing".
Yanzi's real name is Ying, which comes from Yanzi Chunqiu. The word,, is usually called, also known as, Yan Ying. Yi Weiren (now Gaomi, Shandong) was an important politician in the Spring and Autumn Period. Yanzi Chunqiu consists of 8 volumes, including 6 volumes in the inner volume (admonition up and down, up and down, miscellaneous up and down) and 2 volumes in the outer volume, totaling 2 15 chapters, all of which are composed of short stories. Through lively stories, the book shapes the image of the protagonist Yan Ying and many foil. Although these stories can't be completely regarded as the history of belief, most of them are based on certain facts, which can be mutually confirmed with Zuo Zhuan, Guoyu and Lv Chunqiu as historical materials reflecting the social and historical features of Qi at the end of the Spring and Autumn Period.
During the Spring and Autumn Period, the State of Qi was Zhengqing. After three dynasties of stone, Zhuang and Jing, he was in power for more than 50 years. He is famous for his frugality and modesty. Pay attention to political reform, care about civil affairs, and oppose superstitions such as praying for blessings and eliminating disasters.
This book describes Yan Ying's words and deeds and political activities in many ways, highlighting his political opinions and ideological character.
In the 1970s, Mr. Wu Zeyu, a master of Chinese studies, wrote A Collection of Notes on Yanzi's Spring and Autumn Annals, believing that the author of Yanzi's Spring and Autumn Annals was Chun. Historically, the version of Yanzi Chunqiu is like the printed version of the Four Series and the Collection of Iron Sword, Bronze Piano Building.
Brief introduction of the author
Yan Zi died in 500 BC, and his date of birth is unknown. He is famous for his political foresight, diplomatic ability and simple style. He loves his country and his people, dares to speak out, and enjoys a high reputation among the rulers and the people. He came from an official family and went into politics when he was young. After the death of his father Wei Yan, he inherited Qi Qing and lived in Shiling Zhuangjing for 54 years. These fifty-four years are the age when the State of Qi is declining. The monarch is mediocre and groggy, arrogant and extravagant, invading Qin Chu from abroad, and complaining at home. Yan Ying, relying on his own intelligence, tried his best to make up for the sky and turn the tide, saying, "Be faithful to ideas, retreat and make up for them." "When he was in North Korea, his words were dangerous, and his words were dangerous. When he was in the state, he was obedient, and when there was no way, his life was balanced, so that Sansheng became famous as a vassal "(Biography of Historical Records and Yan Guan). Qi has won its rightful place among the vassal states, and he himself has become a reputation in the history of Qi, as well as the great politician Guan Zhong. Sima Qian marveled at his character and political talent and said, "Yan Zi is faking here, but I envy him."
The author and the writing age of Yanzi Chunqiu have been controversial since ancient times. Some people think that this book was written by Yan Ying herself. For example, Sui Shu Jing Ji Zhi said: "The Spring and Autumn Annals of Yanzi is seven volumes, written by Dr. Qi Yanying." Some people think it is Mohism. Liu Zongyuan said in the Tang Dynasty: "I suspect that Mozi's people are all human. Ink is very frugal, and Yan Zi is famous for his frugality. Therefore, followers of Mozi respect those who do things to improve themselves. " Others suspect that it was forged by the descendants of the Six Dynasties. Guan Tong, an official of the Qing Dynasty, said: "I said that the Spring and Autumn Annals of Yan Zi, which was mentioned by the Han people, has not been circulated for a long time, but the master of the world and later generations are imitators of it ... its writing is too shallow, so what about the successors of the Six Dynasties?" Most people today disagree with the above statement. The general view now is that this book was written in the middle and late Warring States period, and it may be written by more than one person or by many people.
Classification of articles
There are different views on the classification of Yanzi Chunqiu, that is, the school to which it belongs. Han Shu, Yi Wen Zhi, Seven Views, etc. It is classified as Confucianism, and it is considered that this book is "fair and reasonable, and all conform to the meaning of the Six Classics". Liu Zongyuan classified it as mohists and considered it as "mohists that should be listed". Some people think it is also Mohist and Confucian, while others think it is not Murphy Confucianism. We believe that non-Murphy Confucianism is closer to reality. Because the statement in Yan Zi Chun Qiu is closer to reality. Because from the content reflected in Yanzi Chunqiu, the thought it showed was similar to that of Confucianism before Confucius, so it naturally could not be classified as later Confucianism, otherwise Yanzi would become the founder of Confucianism. His frugality view, which is similar to Mohist thought, is also quite different from Mohist frugality purpose and function, so it cannot be classified as Mohist. We can only say that Yanzi Chunqiu is Yanzi Chunqiu. It has no independent and systematic ideology, but it has its own characteristics.
Yan Zi's popular Spring and Autumn Annals is divided into two parts: the inner part is divided into six parts: remonstration, remonstration, questioning, questioning, miscellaneous and miscellaneous, and the outer part is divided into two parts. On remonstrance, we should not only describe Yan Ying's remonstrance words and deeds, but also describe the questions and answers between monarch and minister, dignitaries and diplomats, as well as other events in Yan Ying. The two chapters in the outer chapter are more complicated, similar to but different from the six chapters in the inner chapter. The content of each article is relatively independent and interrelated, and some of them are contradictory.
theme
The most valuable thought expressed in Yanzi Chunqiu is to value the people and love the people. "Ask the next chapter" contains: being hired by Wu, the king of Wu said,' How dare you ask Chang Wei Bao if he is strong enough to get lost?' Yan Zi said to him,' First, people, then the body, and then punishment. Strong is not violent and weak, expensive is not bullying, and rich is not arrogant and poor. The people go hand in hand, the teachers don't invade, and the people and officials are at peace ... ""The inner chapter asks "contains:" Uncle asked Yan Zi:' What is the highest intention? Which is thicker? Right:' the meaning is not higher than loving the people, and the behavior is not thicker than loving the people. He asked, "What's the next meaning? Who is cheaper? Right:' Don't be mean to the people, and don't be harmful to your health.' Here, Yan Zi clearly pointed out that "putting the people before the body" is one of the fundamental guarantees for the monarch to "maintain power for a long time" and regards "loving the people" as the noblest thought. Yan Zi's thought of valuing the people and loving the people is very close to Confucius' benevolent policy and Mencius' people-oriented thought.
Starting from attaching importance to the people and loving the people, Yan Zi advocated thrift, opposed extorting money from the people, and opposed large-scale construction to reduce the burden on the people. Yan Zi repeatedly criticized Qi Jinggong for "making the people invincible. If they can't win, they should use the people and ignore their interests" (Q). "There is nothing to do, and there is no end to it, which makes the people invincible and complains" (Waiwai). It is emphasized that it is necessary to "collect and save money, accumulate wealth and work for a long time, so that the people do not try their best, the officials are not modest, and the city is closed and the levy is saved." There will be bad news in the mountains and forests, which will lead the people to govern the country. Don't be uneasy, know their wealth, and don't be frozen. " ("question"). When Qi Jinggong saw someone freeze to death on the side of the road and turned a blind eye, Yan Zi protested: "Today, you are swimming in the cold, and your journey is based on forty miles of people. Your wealth is not enough to collect, so you can't do your best to serve Zhou. The people are hungry and cold, facing each other in life and death, but you don't ask, which is immoral. " ("On Suggestions")
Starting from the idea of attaching importance to the people and loving the people, Yan Zi advocated reducing punishment and opposed the indiscriminate killing of innocent people. According to My Advice, when Qi Jinggong was in office, prisoners were crowded with prisons due to exorbitant taxes and numerous lawsuits. Qi Jinggong asked Yan Zi to manage the prison, and Yan Zi took the opportunity to remonstrate with Qi Jinggong, pointing out that it was because of Qi Jinggong's blackmail on the people that the people "strictly listened to their prisons and denounced their crimes". Yan Zi believed that rulers should "forgive, forgive and save the poor". He clearly put forward the principle of punishment, that is, "relax the punishment-if the deceased is punished, if the punishment is punished, if the punishment is punished, if the punishment is exempted." "That is, people who should be sentenced to death are replaced by corporal punishment, and people who should be subjected to corporal punishment are replaced by fines, and fines are exempted from punishment. In short, crime is reduced by one degree. Yan Zi did this out of love for the people.
Role description
In the Spring and Autumn Annals of Yan Zi, we can see the emphasis on talents and the hatred of arrogance. "Advising" contains: "Gong Jing's credit is poor, reward the useless, and punish the unjust. Yan Zi remonstrated, saying, "I heard that you respect saints and believe in their teachings, but don't listen to their words. Today, I salute the left and right and say: I am happier than the dead! For the sake of righteousness, I can learn from the people! Therefore, the concubines of domestic pets forcibly seize the country, the ministers of foreign pets forcibly seize the country, and the law enforcers are harsh people. People worry about illness, drive them away with rape, and steal evil and flatter them. So, although there are great sages, how can we win? " "Advise Qi Jinggong to be a saint, stay away from villains, and express his attention to talents and dislike of villains. Wen Shang said: "Gong Jing asked Yan Zi:' What about people who are good at governing the country and serving the people? "Yan Zi said to him,' If you cultivate a moral person to serve the country and cultivate your talents to serve the people, then you will have a way. If you improve your talents, then the people will be happy. " "
character trait
In the Spring and Autumn Annals of Yan Zi, Yan Zi's frugality concept has been fully demonstrated. Yan Zi believes that frugality is the basic quality of saints, so he has a deep antipathy to those rich and extravagant people or behaviors. He criticized Qi Jinggong's extravagance many times. He asked and restrained himself not to be frugal. Qi Jinggong wanted to adjust his residence many times and built a new house for him abroad, but he resolutely declined. When Qi Jinggong gave him chariots and horses, he said, "You and your envoys are officials of hundreds of officials. I will pay attention to their clothes and food in order to help the people of Qi first, but I am still afraid of their extravagance and ignore their behavior." Today, you ride in a chariot, the monarch rides on it, and the minister rides on it. People are meaningless and waste their clothes and food, regardless of their pedestrians. I can't ban it. " ("Miscellaneous") In other words, he should take frugality as an example to prevent people from pursuing material comforts excessively, resulting in social disorder and moral corruption.
Yan Zi's Spring and Autumn Annals also reflects Yan Zi's emphasis on ceremony. He said: "the courtesy, so the royal people are also ... rude and can govern the country, the baby has never heard of it!" " Taking ceremony as the foundation of governing the country and the tool of governing the people shows the position of ceremony in Yan Zi's mind. At this point, Yan Zi is very similar to later Confucius. Because of this, Yan Zi spared no effort to criticize rude or impolite behavior. (Internal remonstration) contains: "Gong Jing got drunk and said,' I want to have a drink with the doctors today, please don't do anything. "This suddenly changed his face and said," you have gone too far! Ministers are determined to be rude to you. Strength is enough to defeat his strength, courage is enough to kill his king, and politeness is inconvenient. Animals are strong by coercion, the strong by weakness, and the sky changes hands. Today's group went to watch the ceremony, but it was also an animal. Governors take power as their government, the strong make the weak, and the sky changes hands. Will the monarch still be established? The reason why mortals are more expensive than animals is courtesy.
So the poem says,' If people are rude, Hu won't die?' Politeness is indispensable. Yan Zi thinks politeness is the standard to distinguish people from animals. Without manners, people become animals. As the king of a country, if you take the lead and don't pay attention to etiquette, the country will never waver. "Pianpian" contains another passage by Yan Zi, the content of which is similar to the above paragraph: "Today, a five-foot boy in Qi is better than a baby, and he can beat the monarch, but he who dares not to mess up is afraid of etiquette. If you are rude, you can't do it; If you are rude, you can't help it. Husband elk is rude, so father and son are the same? . The reason why people are more expensive than animals is courtesy. Babies smell it, people are rude, and their country has no way; Doctors are rude, officials are disrespectful, fathers and sons are rude, and families will be fierce; Steve is rude and can't stay together for long. "
Yanzi Chunqiu not only vividly shows Yanzi's brilliant thoughts, but also records many stories that show Yanzi's excellent qualities and noble moral sentiments. Thrift is the key quality of Yanzi in Yanzi Chunqiu, which has been explained above. It goes without saying. In addition, the book also strongly advocates the virtues of making amends, being lenient with others, being considerate of others, being modest and prudent. "My Essays" recorded such a touching story: "Gong Jing loves his daughter, please marry Yan Zi and go to Yan Yanzi's house. After drinking too much, I met my wife and said,' Is this my wife?' Yan Zi said to him, "Of course." Gong said, "Hey, you are old and evil! I have few girls and am good-looking. Please fill the master's palace. Yan Zi invaded the seat and said,' But this is ancient and evil. Babies live with it, so it is rare and beautiful. And people are solid and strong, good and evil; He tasted it, but the baby ate it Although you have a gift, you can make your baby care more? "Say goodbye again." Qi Jinggong saw that Yanzi's wife was old and ugly, and she wanted to marry her beautiful young daughter. Yan Zi refused. Yan Zi's behavior and moral character of sticking to love and not betraying his wife is not only rare in feudal times when men are superior to women, but also very valuable today.
Article evaluation
Judging from the contents of Yan Zi Chun Qiu, it seems that the editor or author intends to highlight Yan Zi's brilliant side and try his best to shape his positive image. It can also be inferred that the editor or author of this book must be an admirer of Yan Zi.
Yan Zi Chun Qiu also has certain value in the history of literature. It takes the characters as the center, and everything is both related and independent, forming a short story, all of which is to express Yan Zi's thoughts and morality. The whole book can be said to be a compilation of Yan Zi's remarks and anecdotes, and it can also be regarded as a biography of Yan Zi.
A tortuous process
The first outstanding literary feature of this book is its vivid story, tortuous plot and strong readability. For example, in My Advice, the story of "Two peaches killed three scholars" tells the story of three warriors of Qi, Gong, Tian Kaijiang and Gu Yezi, who were offended by something and were given two peaches. Many people have few peaches, so three people eat peaches to reward their merits. After Gong Sunjie and Tian Kaijiang confessed their contributions, they thought their contributions were the greatest, and each took a peach and ate it. After Tanoko made the contribution, Gong and Tian Kaijiang felt that their contribution was not as good as his, but they all ate peaches and felt ashamed, so they drew their swords and committed suicide. Tanoko saw that the two men committed suicide, and he felt guilty, so he drew his sword and committed suicide. This matter is recorded in detail in Yanzi Chunqiu. The origin, development, climax and ending of the event are very clear and dramatic.
For example, another thing in My Advice: Qi Jinggong's favorite concubine died, and Qi Jinggong was very sad and refused to eat or drink. Ministers tried to comfort her, but to no avail. When Yan Zi knew about it, he told Qi Jinggong that there was a warlock who could come back to life. Qi Jinggong was overjoyed. Yan Zi asked Qi Jinggong to bathe and fast in other places. After Qi Jinggong left, Yan Zi buried the baby's body in the coffin, and then told Qi Jinggong that the warlock could do nothing about the baby, and now she has been buried in the coffin. Qi Jinggong listen, helpless. This incident is also very vivid and full of fun. This kind of story occupies a considerable proportion in Yanzi Chunqiu. Another outstanding literary feature of The Spring and Autumn Annals of Yan Zi is its vivid characters and distinctive personality. As mentioned above, the editor or author of Yanzi Chunqiu wants to create a positive image of Yanzi and try his best to make him tangible. Therefore, he used meticulous description, personalized language, movements and contrast to highlight the image of Yan Zi. In Yanzi Chunqiu, Yanzi is not only a benevolent but also a wise man. He is not only noble in thought and morality, but also a teacher and has a distinct personality.
Yan zi's character
In "On remonstrance" and "On remonstrance", we can see Yanzi's statesmanship: he is far-sighted, far-sighted, has profound political accomplishment, and dares to speak and remonstrate. In other chapters, Yan Zi appeared in front of us in another image. For example, the story of "Yan Zi makes Chu" in Miscellaneous Xia: Yan Zi makes Chu, but Yan Zi is short, and Chu people take Yan Zi as the door. Yan Zi refused to enter, saying, "Those who make the dog kingdom enter the dog gate. I am an envoy of Chu, so I can't enter this door. " It's best to enter through the gate. When he met the king of Chu, he said, "Is there anyone here?" Yan Zi said to him, "There are 300 people in Linzi, and they are sweating like a pig. Why is there no one? " The king said, "But what can I do?" Yan Zi said to him, "Everyone has his own master. Sages make him a wise king, while unscrupulous people make him an unworthy king. Babies are the most greedy, so they make Chu. "
Yan Zi, a short man, calmly responded to the provocation of the King of Chu and handled it properly. The king of Chu not only didn't take any advantage, but also made a strong counterattack, embarrassing the king of Chu. This story fully shows the characteristics of Yan Zi's agility and quick response, and also shows his diplomatic ability of being loyal to his mission and being good at handling. There is a record in the Biography of Miscellaneous Heroes: "It is said that Liang Qiu said and Yan Zi said,' I am not as good as my master until I die!'" "Yan Zi said,' When babies hear the news, they will always succeed, and walkers will always come. Babies are no different from other people. They often do things without saying anything, and they often keep doing things, so (Hu) it is difficult to achieve? ""This conversation shows this frank and modest attitude. A passage in "Persuasion" is even more vivid: Qi Jinggong, Yan Zi, Ai Kong and Liang Qiu are said to have traveled together in Niu Shan, and they can't help crying when they think that people will die. Aiken and Liang Qiu began to cry, and only Yan Zi sneered at them. Qi Jinggong asked him why he was laughing. Yan Zi said that if people don't die, it won't be your turn to be the monarch of Qi Jinggong, because people will die, so it's your turn. And when it's your turn, you want to live forever, so you are heartless. Today, "an unkind gentleman sees one thing, and a flattering minister sees two things." So is the reason why the minister snickered alone. "There are four people in the story who laughed and cried three times. Yan Zi's integrity can be seen in laughter, and Qi Jinggong's greed, Ai Kong and Liang Qiu's flattery can be seen in crying. Characters' characteristics, characters' personalities and expressions are all vividly displayed on paper.
In addition to the above two outstanding features, Yanzi Chunqiu also has the characteristics of clear and fluent language, and its technique is mainly line drawing. Except for some elaborate and exaggerated descriptions in individual chapters, most of the books are simple and simple narratives, descriptions and dialogues. Language focuses on simplicity, understanding and vividness, and doesn't care much about rhetoric. From the numerous examples listed above, we can easily find this feature. In addition, many languages in Yanzi Chunqiu, especially what Yanzi said, are not only concise and clear, but also contain profound philosophies, such as "winners often come, walkers often come" and "those who are wise but don't know are ominous; Knowing without using it is ominous; Use without any responsibility, three ominous "and so on.
Yanzi Chunqiu has been ignored since ancient times because it is neither Confucianism nor Taoism. However, if you go deep into it and read it carefully, you will gain a lot.
Because this book was not written by Qin people, it was certainly an eccentric work in Qin Shihuang's view, so it was also banned.