The role of Chinese veterinary drugs in today's social development is not limited to the limited scope of livestock and animals, but involves the whole society, and plays an important role in food safety, animal health care, zoonosis, new diseases, biomedical research, ecosystems and other fields. Studying the development history of ancient veterinarians is conducive to showing the brilliant achievements of China's veterinary cause, encouraging the majority of veterinarians to explore, inherit and develop the veterinary theory and practical experience of the motherland, improving the scientific research and professional technical level of Chinese veterinarians, and making traditional veterinarians in China better serve contemporary public health and modern animal husbandry and veterinary cause.
The Masterpiece of Ancient Veterinary Medicine and Mulberry Studies —— Qi Yao Min Shu
Qi Yao Min Shu collected 48 ancient veterinary prescriptions in China. Among them, there are 30 horses, cattle 10, cattle and horses 1 head, donkeys 1 head and 7 sheep. Covering surgery, infectious diseases, parasitic diseases and common diseases, it is the earliest existing veterinary literature in China. As the content of veterinary education, it is also the earliest in China agricultural books.
Regarding the prevention and treatment of infectious diseases, Qi Yaomin's Book mainly introduces that sheep should pay special attention to isolation after suffering from scabies to prevent mutual infection. Because there are a large number of sheep in general, the book mentions the situation of raising 1000 sheep. "Sheep have scabies, don't; Don't, don't, get dirty, or you'll be dead and wounded. " That is, infectious diseases should be isolated in time, and sheep suffering from scabies should be treated when isolated. This book introduces the treatment of sheep scabies.
"Take veratrum root, chew it, soak it in a bottle, put it in your mouth, and keep it warm by the stove for a few days, which will be useful. Scrape the scab with a brick to make it red. If the scab is hard and thick, you can also wash it with soup, remove the scab, dry it and apply it with medicinal juice. The more, the more. If it is too much, don't apply it gradually every day. If you don't wipe them all over the floor, you will die. "
Of course, some veterinary prescriptions in Qi Yaomin's Book are superstitious and difficult to understand. But its main aspect is undoubtedly a treasure of ancient veterinary education.
Small Aries
The main methods of veterinary training: official veterinary schools, private families or guidance.
1, an exclusive medical education institution
On the basis of the development of medical education, ancient veterinary education has also been greatly developed. Its important symbol is the establishment of veterinary school, which was established in Taibu Temple in Zhangyuma and Mazheng in Tang Dynasty.
According to "Old Tang Shu Guan San", "Taibu Temple has four doctors of veterinary medicine and 100 students". Taibu Temple Veterinarians are professors and apprentices. The generation of doctors adopts the combination of recommendation and election, and famous and knowledgeable people are selected from the masses to teach students in Taibu Temple. In addition, the veterinary schools in China at that time also accepted foreign students. According to records, Tang Zhenyuan and Japanese veterinarian Ping Zhongguo came to study in China. Veterinary schools in China are about 1000 years earlier than those in Paris and Vienna.
2. Education and training of folk veterinarians
In ancient times, in addition to formal veterinary education such as lectures and examinations in veterinary schools, other informal veterinary education was developed. In ancient times, the team of traditional Chinese medicine veterinarians was relatively large, and there were administrative animal husbandry and veterinary officials and professional veterinarians in farms from the central government to various places. There are countless folk veterinarians.
Officials believe that ancient veterinarians not only prevented and treated animal diseases, but also served as technical guidance for animal husbandry. Veterinary disease prevention and animal husbandry technical guidance are the education work of animal husbandry and veterinary, especially folk veterinary, which plays a greater role in veterinary education. In addition, family-style veterinary education, that is, father-son mentoring, also played a positive role in the development of veterinary education at that time.
horse doctor
How to teach? Pay equal attention to theory and practice, both inside and outside.
1, empirical prescription therapy
In Qi Yao Min Shu, forty-eight prescriptions and treatments for horses, cattle and sheep were put forward. Because "Shu Yao" is not a veterinary monograph, the selected prescriptions are simple medicines that are easy to get in case of emergency, which are basically based on experience and have not risen to the theoretical level, and some prescriptions are superstitious. At this time, the veterinary monograph represented by Ji Ji of Sima An greatly improved the level of veterinary education.
Muse Anji Collection is the oldest extant Chinese veterinary monograph in China. The Book of Changes in the History of Song Dynasty says that the book was written, while The History of Shaanxi Classics clearly records that it was written by Sima Lishi of Emperor Taizong. According to the records in this book, Xie, an expert in the history of modern animal husbandry and veterinary medicine, has many similarities with the contents of ancient medicine and is confirmed as an ancient work.
According to the contents of this book, "An Ji Ji" may also be based on the textbook written by the veterinarian of Taibu Temple in Sui and Tang Dynasties and later adapted by Sok Li. Because this book collected the works of many people, it was also used as a veterinary teaching material in later generations. When this book was reprinted in Shaanxi in the Ming Dynasty, it was said in the preface that "teachers should teach and children should learn".
2. Etiology education of diseases
The four "five zang-organs theories" included in Anji Collection are classic works of veterinary Tibetan studies. These four articles are Ma Shihuang's five zang-organs theory, Wang Liangxian's five zang-organs theory, Hu's five zang-organs theory and the five zang-organs theory of breaking gold.
The basic view of the theory of five zang-organs is that the animal body is regarded as a unified whole, and the meridians and other tissues and organs are interrelated, interacted and restricted to form a "small universe". Various physiological functions in domestic animals complement each other and form a metabolic system. The theory of five zang-organs also uses the philosophy of "Yin-Yang and Five Elements" to explain the causes of livestock diseases, that is, the internal contradiction between Yin and Yang constitutes the body of livestock, and the imbalance between Yin and Yang is the main cause of livestock diseases.
Qi Shu's book shadow
In addition, we also have a certain understanding of the relationship between animal body and nature and the mutual activities of heart, liver, spleen, lung and kidney. This relationship and Ma Shihuang's theory of eight evils further show that eight evils, such as cold, wet bones, hunger and fatigue, are the direct causes of diseases in livestock, which can lead to imbalance of yin and yang in livestock. This explains the cause of livestock theoretically, which is convenient for people to grasp the cause fundamentally and lay a more reliable foundation for treatment.
3. Symptomatology education of diseases
Symptomatology has developed to a brand-new stage in ancient times, and initially formed some methods to understand diseases according to symptoms and symptoms, which can distinguish various subtle symptoms and thus separate some similar diseases.
For example, spitting at the mouth can distinguish different diseases according to different "salivation". If salivation is like surging foam, it is lung heat; If saliva drops in liquid form; Stomach cold. Seventy-two serious diseases caused by changes in five internal organs of horses and eighty-one difficult classics of jujube fu introduced a lot of knowledge about differentiating diseases by symptoms, which are still of reference value in the clinical practice of veterinary diseases.
4, disease treatment education
Education of disease treatment. Understanding the causes and symptoms of the disease is to better "prescribe the right medicine" and carry out treatment. The treatment methods of veterinarians in An Shi Ji and ancient veterinary education can be divided into internal medicine and surgical treatment from internal medicine and surgery. In terms of acupuncture and drug therapy, it can be divided into acupuncture and drug therapy.
Acupuncture treatment depends on the accuracy of acupoint selection. There is a saying that "there is no needle, it is better to have a spark". The knowledge of animal anatomy is very important in selecting acupoints, which is the basic science of acupuncture and surgical treatment.
acupuncture and moxibustion
The "bone name map" in the Musean Ji Ji shows that animal anatomy has been formed. The bone name map is placed in front of Bole acupuncture meridian, which also shows that the two are closely combined. The Bole Needle Classic introduced 77 acupoint names and 170 acupoints for domestic animals, which are still in use today. In addition, An Ji Ji also puts forward the treatment principle and acupuncture technique of "shallow diagnosis of diseases and corresponding reinforcing and reducing". Introduce different acupuncture methods for different diseases.
Anji Ji also introduced many methods of drug treatment to people. Under the impetus of traditional Chinese medicine, the drug treatment of ancient veterinarians has made a qualitative leap and expanded in quantity compared with the past, regardless of the types of drugs or the scope of disease treatment. There are more than 40 kinds of TCM prescriptions collected and introduced to people in Anjiji, which are divided into 15 categories according to their therapeutic functions. Some prescriptions use foreign medicines, such as fennel, hulile, frankincense, myrrh, sallow and so on. And absorb the achievements of foreign medicine.
5. Veterinary surgery education
Besides internal medicine education, veterinary surgery education also made remarkable progress at that time. An Ziji introduced the etiology, symptoms and treatment measures of 16 kinds of hoof diseases. For example, "welding medicine therapy" and "cold compress therapy" are two important methods to treat hoof disease.
Drug welding therapy is to trim the toenails with a sharp knife and clean up the necrotic tissue on the toenails, then fill the cavity with ointment and melt it with a red-hot iron, so that the ointment is tightly welded in the toenails, which will not affect the walking of livestock, and the medicine can give full play to its role, and the curative effect is of course good. Cold compress physiotherapy is to wrap aseptic inflammation with yellow mud; If the iron is lightly burned and ironed, it is hot compress physiotherapy.
The book also introduces some diseases and treatments of inflammation and swelling, such as five cures, ten poisons and thirty-six yellow. , can be taken orally to reduce inflammation and swelling, and acupuncture and moxibustion can be used externally to promote blood circulation and remove blood stasis. For some necrotic tissues, bird sand, arsenic pills and glutinous rice can be buried in the affected part of the animal body to remove carrion.
Veterinary Therapy in Anji Collection
abstract
During the Spring and Autumn Period, although Xu Xing recruited disciples to teach agriculture, they were all private schools, and their scale and level were limited. The veterinary school set up in Taibu Temple in Tang Dynasty was the first official school in the ancient history of China, and its scale and teaching level were unmatched by private schools. For the first time, it stipulated veterinary education in the form of official system. Although this veterinary training system was abolished in Song Dynasty, it marked the normalization of agricultural education at that time and played an important role in the popularization and promotion of veterinary knowledge.