Recently, the topic of German vocational education has been heated in China, because the trend of college students' employment difficulty is becoming more and more obvious. When it comes to vocational education, we can't help but mention the German model. Many experts who study youth employment believe that Germany can control the unemployment rate well in the long-term world economic depression after the financial crisis, especially in the youth unemployment rate, mainly relying on Germany? Dual system? Bonus of vocational education.
So-called? Dual system? Vocational education means that the whole training process is carried out in factories, enterprises and vocational schools (BBS), which can be basically divided into three categories: one is business, such as international trade, secretary and accounting. The second is technology, such as automobiles, machinery and electrical appliances. ; Third, services, such as cooking, hairdressers, etc. This process is mainly based on enterprise training, and enterprise practice is closely combined with vocational education theory teaching. A noteworthy phenomenon is that 50% of German school-age youth are willing to carry out vocational education and training instead of choosing to go to university.
Studying in Germany, although the tuition fee is not as high as that in Britain and the United States, and you don't have to bear huge student loans, you still have to solve the living and renting expenses by yourself. More importantly, German universities have a long academic system and high curriculum requirements, and almost 25% of college students cannot complete their studies every year. Even after graduation, they have to face the job market independently, not to mention that students majoring in law and medicine have to pass the very difficult national examination, and other majors often need to go through several rounds of unstable internships.
On the contrary, young people engaged in vocational training, as long as they can successfully pass various exams, will basically be recommended and directly enter employment; Employment opportunities are stable and the duration of vocational training is relatively short. According to the latest sampling research results of the German Job Market and Vocational Research Center, the average income of Germans who have completed vocational training and obtained corresponding vocational certificates can reach 1.32 million euros before retiring at the age of 65. If they complete higher vocational education, they can earn an average of more than 2 million euros before retirement, while those with bachelor's degrees or above are about 2.32 million euros. It can be seen that the average income of higher vocational education and general higher education in Germany is very close, although there is a gap in the whole career. In such a social environment, young people can choose their own future according to their own interests, learn a skill with peace of mind, and serve the society to achieve income and comfortable life.
From the German experience, the reform of vocational education in China is imperative. On the one hand, the sooner we realize the importance of vocational education to the national development structure and employment, the more favorable it will be for us to gain an advantage in international competition. On the other hand, with the pace of domestic manufacturing upgrading, the demand for technical talents is growing. If higher vocational education can continuously cultivate qualified technical talents, the problem of youth employment will be naturally solved in economic development, thus forming a virtuous circle.
However, to truly achieve this goal, two points are worth noting. Considering China's national conditions, first, we should open up the honor channel system from junior technicians to senior technicians. Only by enhancing the sense of social identity and honor in vocational education can we attract more young people. Second, we can establish several higher vocational education institutions with exemplary technical talents (similar to the famous Nohrlander College in Britain), and actively eliminate those institutions with poor employment quality, poor social evaluation and unqualified teacher evaluation.
Looking back, an important reason for the success of vocational education in Germany is that there are several research institutions and committees behind the system, which make long-term analysis and prediction on the future trends of vocational education in different industries. These studies can play an invisible role in regulating the employment situation at a certain stage. Young people who have completed vocational education can often get guidance from these institutions, so as to judge the relationship between supply and demand in the talent market. This optimizes the allocation of human resources in the whole society.