The classification of job categories is to divide all civil servants' jobs into several categories according to certain standards. Job classification is the nature, characteristics and management needs of jobs. According to the provisions of this law, the positions of civil servants in China are currently divided into comprehensive management, professional technology and administrative law enforcement. (1) job classification 1. Comprehensive management refers to civil service positions other than professional and technical positions and administrative law enforcement positions. Comprehensive management positions are the main category with the largest number of people in public institutions. It should be noted that although the work of government agencies requires all kinds of professional knowledge, many civil servants of comprehensive management are professionally qualified, engaged in research and decision-making in their own fields, and have rich knowledge, experience and attainments, but their work still belongs to the administrative work of government agencies, so they are not professional and technical civil servants. 2. Professional and technical category refers to the category of civil servants who undertake professional and technical responsibilities in the organs and provide direct technical support and guarantee for the implementation of public management. The essential characteristics of professional and technical posts refer to posts that perform professional and technical duties among civil servants and provide special technical support and guarantee for the implementation of public management. Professional and technical posts have three remarkable characteristics: first, the post is purely technical and only responsible for the professional technology itself. Professional and technical civil servants are only responsible for the professional and technical business itself in their professional posts, do not directly participate in public management, and do not have administrative decision-making power and administrative law enforcement power. Second, the substitutability is low. The level of professional and technical knowledge is the main factor that determines the qualification of professional and technical positions. Therefore, the substitution between professional and technical posts and other posts is not strong, and cross-category personnel flow should be avoided as far as possible. The third is technical authority. The technical conclusions provided by professional and technical civil servants are not interfered by administrative leaders, and are not affected by changes in the will of administrative leaders. However, this kind of authority is only reflected in the technical level, and it only provides reference and support for the decision-making of administrative leaders. The final administrative decision-making power is still in the hands of administrative leaders. According to the above characteristics, professional and technical posts are first embodied in some industries, such as public security forensic medicine, customs commodity classification, origin management experts and so on. Secondly, it is reflected in some social universal technical posts, such as engineering technology and laboratory technology. In the face of increasingly specialized government management and services, administrative leaders at all levels increasingly need to rely on the professional technical support of various experts and professional technicians to better assume the statutory leadership responsibilities. Therefore, the establishment of professional and technical positions is conducive to improving the scientific decision-making and the accuracy of implementation; At the same time, it provides a career development ladder for civil servants engaged in professional and technical work, attracts and stabilizes the indispensable professional and technical talents of the organs, and encourages them to stand on their posts and become experts in their jobs. 3. Administrative law enforcement refers to the category of civil servants' posts set in the administrative law enforcement posts of grass-roots units of administrative law enforcement departments that perform market supervision and social management functions, such as industry and commerce, taxation, quality inspection and environmental protection. Administrative law enforcement civil servants mainly perform on-site law enforcement duties such as administrative supervision, administrative punishment, administrative coercion and administrative inspection. Compared with comprehensive management, administrative law enforcement only has the power of law enforcement, not the power of interpretation, and has no jurisdiction in case of disputes. The establishment of administrative law enforcement class is of great significance for perfecting and strengthening the management of grass-roots civil servants. First, the establishment of administrative law enforcement posts is the need to establish a long-term restraint mechanism for front-line civil servants' law enforcement teams. The front-line civil servant law enforcement team is the "window" of the government image and the direct executor of the government's social management and market supervision functions, which has direct influence and great significance for safeguarding the vital interests of the people and establishing social order and market economic order. Second, the establishment of administrative law enforcement posts is conducive to promoting the establishment of basic quality standards for front-line administrative law enforcement civil servants, standardizing recruitment and importing, and overcoming "inbreeding" in practice. In the past, many departments did not formulate special qualifications for administrative law enforcement posts, which made the training lose its pertinence and the professional level of law enforcement was not high; At the same time, due to the low level of front-line civil servants' law enforcement team, relatively large law enforcement authority, imbalance of powers and responsibilities, some administrative violations have occurred from time to time. Third, the establishment of administrative law enforcement posts can better motivate front-line law enforcement civil servants. In the past, front-line civil servants had low specifications, large numbers, few positions and few promotion steps, and there was little room for career development. According to statistics, clerks account for 70% of all front-line administrative law enforcement civil servants, and most of them have only two promotion steps, which seriously dampened the enthusiasm of front-line law enforcement civil servants. The establishment of administrative law enforcement posts is of great significance for solving the problems of narrow career development space and difficult job promotion of civil servants in grass-roots law enforcement departments, encouraging front-line law enforcement civil servants to do their jobs better, strengthening the management and restraint of front-line law enforcement civil servants, and promoting administration according to law. 4. Regarding the positions of judges and prosecutors, compared with the Provisional Regulations on State Civil Servants promulgated by the State Council 1993, this law has made new changes in the scope of civil servants, and judges and prosecutors have also been included in the scope of civil servants. In the legislative process of this law, there is an opinion that judicial civil servants should be set up in job classification, and judges and prosecutors should be included in this category, but the law is not clear. The main consideration is the second paragraph of Article 3 of this Law: "If the law has other provisions on the selection, appointment, removal and supervision of leading members of civil servants, as well as the obligations, rights and management of judges and prosecutors, those provisions shall prevail." This provision takes into account that judges and prosecutors have their own particularity compared with the staff of administrative organs and other organs, and China has enacted the Judges Law and the Prosecutors Law. Therefore, in the job classification system of this law, judges and prosecutors are not combined with other civil servants for classification. Here, the principle of classified management of civil servants is actually implemented and embodied by not adjusting the job classification of judges and prosecutors. (2) Adding job categories Apart from professional and technical positions and administrative law enforcement positions, there are also some other civil service job categories with certain particularity, which need to be managed separately in practice. For example, in the process of formulating the civil service law, some people think that the people's police should be specially set up and managed separately, which is a problem that needs further study in the future. Leave room for future work categories, which is stipulated in this article. For posts that are ripe and really need to be managed, the State Council can stipulate the addition of other post categories except comprehensive management, professional technology and administrative law enforcement. (III) Scope of application of various job categories At present, although there are a large number of civil servants engaged in professional technology and administrative law enforcement, job categories have not been legally confirmed before the implementation of this Law. After the Civil Service Law defines professional and technical civil servants and administrative law enforcement civil servants, the law does not clearly stipulate which personnel in which institutions are admitted to professional and technical civil servants and enjoy relevant treatment. On the basis of full investigation and study of the functions of different departments and institutions and the responsibilities, nature and characteristics of different posts, the state shall make separate provisions. The so-called state regulations may be stipulated by laws enacted by the National People's Congress and its Standing Committee, administrative regulations enacted by the State Council or decisions and orders issued, or by relevant central departments. If in doubt, please consult the public education enterprises in China.