Private school education lacks necessary rules and regulations. The flexibility of private schools is its outstanding advantage, but unnecessary rules and regulations are defects after all.
Private education has no stable source of income. Although many teachers are still teaching when they are hungry and cold, there will be serious difficulties in teaching without funds.
Therefore, it is unscientific to say that private education is superior to official education in all aspects. Private education is a product of history, and we should also examine it with the attitude and method of historical materialism.
5 the characteristics of private schools
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Private schools are run by private individuals (or non-governmental organizations), so they show many completely different characteristics from public schools.
Funds and teachers
1. Private education funds are basically self-raised, but official funding is not excluded. Kong Qiu, a representative figure who started private schools in the early days, had very simple enrollment conditions. As long as he "trains himself, I am not ignorant". During the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, some Confucian private schools required students to enter school in exchange for capital, some charged tuition fees as appropriate, and some received "capital" or "gifts" from the emperor. In the Yuan Dynasty, temples were mostly built and maintained by donating money or raising money for the people. The funding sources of ancient academies were government grants, private donations and donations, and self-sufficiency through "learning fields". The founders of modern new private schools are mostly local gentlemen or cultural celebrities, and their school-running funds are mostly related to industry and commerce. For example, Zhang Jian founded Tongzhou Teachers College, Ma Fudan Public School, Nankai School in Zhang Boling and Yan Xiu, and a large number of online schools such as Xiamen University. Xiaozhuang School and Yucai School, founded by modern Tao Xingzhi, also mainly solve the school funding through fundraising and fund-raising.
2. Teachers. Early private school teachers came from civilian scholars. Master of private schools, some are officials, some are officials, or short-term officials, but teacher qualification is not a prerequisite for being an official. After the Tang and Song Dynasties, with the strengthening of the imperial examination system and the increase of scholars, many people who failed in the imperial examination chose to teach for a living, which is the main source of teachers for private education, especially Mongolian education.
Most private schools have their own academic pursuits, and the feeling of quick success and instant benefit is relatively indifferent, which shows the personality of private school teachers. For example, in Kong Qiu, in order to achieve the training goal of "cultivating self-cultivation, keeping the family in order, governing the country and leveling the world", he never tires of learning and teaching, and forgets his worries when he is angry. I wonder if old age is coming. "Another example is Mozi, who advocates" emphasizing righteousness and promoting profit ","saving grain and using money "and" shaming mistakes "in order to cultivate" scholars "or" wise men "who are eager for public welfare, benefit the world and benefit the people and have the courage to contribute. In order to cultivate rural teachers with peasant skills, scientific mind, artistic taste and the spirit of transforming society, modern Tao Xingzhi took off his suit and shoes, put on cloth shoes and sandals, and founded Xiaozhuang School and Yucai School.
noble
The "education without distinction" in private schools has broken through the boundaries of race, region and class, and the opportunities for ordinary people to receive cloth education have greatly increased.
"Teaching without class" comes from Confucius' teaching practice. Confucius was tortured by beggars, even criminals and thieves. There are 3,000 disciples of Confucius, regardless of age (little Confucius is 6 years old, and Gong Sunlong is 47 years old), wisdom and stupidity ("Chai is also stupid and once a participant"), and laziness ("Yan Hui is eager to learn" and "slaughters and sleeps during the day"). During the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, the enrollment rate of poor children showed an upward trend. For example, Ethan, which is "poor, lonely and early", also goes to school, and students can still choose teachers according to their own conditions. The enrollment targets of temple science in Yuan Dynasty include ordinary people; As for social studies, it can be seen from the teaching content of "persuading farmers to plant mulberry" and the characteristics of offering it only in slack seasons that its target is farmers and farm children. As for the new-style private schools in modern times, they reflect the characteristics of a wide range of educational objects: for example, civilian schools and labor tutorial schools are aimed at ordinary workers. Xiaozhuang School, founded by Tao Xingzhi, recruits farmers' children and trains talents for the vast rural areas. Yucai School recruits "needy children" with special talents from the poor children's rescue homes and orphanages, with the aim of cultivating talented young people.
Teaching diversification
Because most private schools have their own independent academic pursuits, and because of the universality of educational objects, private school education has diversified characteristics in content and mode.
1. Educated teaching. Mongolian studies began in the Han Dynasty, became more and more complete in the Song Dynasty, and developed in the Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties. China paid attention to the construction of teaching materials in ancient times. According to its content, the textbooks of Mongolian studies can be divided into five categories: First, the most famous literacy textbooks, such as Saint Amethyst, Hundred Family Names and Qian, are comprehensive in content. Second, the teaching materials for poetry teaching can be represented by One Thousand Tang Poems, Three Hundred Tang Poems, A View of Ancient Chinese Literature and Notes of Eight Masters in Tang and Song Dynasties. Third, history textbooks, such as Qiu Meng's Li Han and A Jin natives. Fourthly, Bert's textbook of common sense, the most famous of which is "Seeking fame" written by Fang in Song Dynasty. Fifth, feudal ethics education textbooks, mostly compiled by Neo-Confucianism in Song and Ming Dynasties. In the formative education stage, children are emphasized to develop good moral quality and habits. Modern private education is more abundant.
private school
To sum up, cultivating teaching is three things: reading, writing and doing. Reading is reading, including teaching, reciting, sorting out books and telling books. Writing is learning to write, and the teaching of learning Chinese characters has formed certain procedures, practical requirements, specific guidance and persistent training. Writing is the training of writing. Compared with modern private schools, ancient Mongolian teaching pays more attention to the leading role of teachers, and teaching methods are the main means.
2. Senior private schools. The contents of early advanced private schools were all based on the works of various philosophers. During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, Confucianism attached importance to benevolence, righteousness, propriety and righteousness, taking the Six Classics as teaching materials and the Six Arts as courses. While emphasizing martial arts and argumentation, Mohism attaches great importance to the study of natural science knowledge and the cultivation of skills. If Taoists talk about Laozi, and he opposes all "artificial" education, The Book of Heaven and Earth can be regarded as a classic of Lao Dan. Later Taoist figures mostly used Laozi's Tao Te Ching as the teaching material. In addition to "teaching by law", legalists also brought all practical knowledge such as litigation, art of war and farming. Other schools take the thoughts and works of their own schools as their learning contents.
After the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, the content of private school education in past dynasties reflected the mainstream of social ideology at that time: in the Eastern Han Dynasty, there was a trend of integration of "ancient" and "modern"; Confucianism, Buddhism, Taoism and metaphysics flourished in Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties. Tang and Song Dynasties attached importance to the spread of poetry, Confucian classics and current affairs. In the Ming Dynasty, "Zhu Xue" and "Wang Xue" fought against each other, while in the Qing Dynasty, textual research was a service. As for the modern new private school, it advocates taking knowledge useful to the country and society as the teaching content. Pay attention to learning the advanced experience of the west, learn the western language, natural science, social and political theory, and reform the traditional educational content. Pay attention to learning the advanced experience of the west, learn the western language, natural science, social and political theory, and reform the traditional teaching content.
Xia Ji Gong Xue's "regular meeting" and the "stressing society" system in the ancient senior private schools are also worth mentioning. A "session" is a regular debate meeting. It is a frank confrontation of different academic arguments, which not only attracted the enthusiastic participation of teachers and students in Xia Ji, but also attracted tourists from all over the world to stop and listen and participate in the debate.
The so-called "lecture meeting" is an academic debate meeting held between colleges and academies or elite homes. The time, place, purpose, statute and theme of the debate are often stipulated in advance, and teachers and students from colleges or elite homes participate in it to attract social elites to participate. This system was founded in the second year of the Southern Song Dynasty (1 175). At that time, it was hosted in Xinzhou, Jiangxi Province, and Zhu, Lu Jiuyuan, Lu Jiuling and Liu Qingzhi were invited to argue, making it an academic event. The establishment of the lecture system of quot Goose Lake Conference can not only enrich the teaching content and enliven the academic atmosphere, but also help to expand and consolidate the social influence and status of the society.
Classification of Mongolian management
The education object of the ignorant is the ignorant children. Most of the management methods are feudal paternalistic management. Paying attention to corporal punishment of students is the biggest feature of private education management.
private school
A considerable number of senior private schools, disciples and teachers have a "comrade" relationship similar to friends; And teaching and learning is not a rigorous and complicated process. This kind of private school is loosely managed and basically maintained by ethics and human feelings.
Form of running a school
For example, during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, a hundred schools of thought contended, which was not limited by time, place, personnel and funds. Confucius traveled around the world, accepting disciples at any time and finding employment everywhere. Judging from other scholars' "traveling around the world", it seems that the form of "studying in thousands of books" has universal significance.
The management of private schools in the Tang Dynasty is flexible and diverse, showing strong adaptability and transition from the aspects of the choice of school site and teachers, the size and variety of scale. For example, the imitation of the imperial examination by private schools uses methods such as pasting classics and poetry, which makes people sit up and take notice. There are five types of private schools in Tang Dynasty: Confucian classics, literature and history, poetry and fu, Taoism and metaphysics, and science and technology. In the Ming Dynasty, there were three forms of senior private schools: building a house and mentoring teaching and public spare time teaching. Modern private schools include political associations, schools with science and technology, girls' schools, industrial and mining schools, normal schools and other schools. The number of students ranges from dozens to thousands. Only the private schools founded by Tao Xingzhi, a modern educator, include children's exchange schools of popular science nature, Xiaozhuang Normal School of rural education nature, Chinese amateur tutorial schools and education schools during the national disaster education period, Chongqing Night Social University in the democratic education movement and so on.
relational system
As a special education system, private schools have certain independence, but their rise and fall, development and even specific teaching contents are inevitably subject to the cultural and educational policies of the government at that time. The rise and fall of private schools is inversely proportional to the tolerance of government cultural and educational policies. There are only two attitudes towards private schools in past dynasties: one is to support their use, and the other is to prohibit repression.
private school
Private schools flourished in the Spring and Autumn Period because their appearance met the needs of all social classes (strata) for talents out of political struggle, so they were supported by the government. At that time, the relationship between private schools and the government was vividly displayed in Gong Xue, Xia Ji. Xia Ji Gong Xue was founded by Tian Ji regime for the purpose of "attracting idle people", so Qi officials did not interfere much in its teaching and academic activities. On the contrary, the monarch of the State of Qi gave the scholars high treatment both politically and materially. Qi Xuanwang acknowledged "being a scholar" and expressed "willing to be a disciple"; Zou Yan, Chunyu Kun and other 76 scholars of various schools were awarded the title of scholar-bureaucrat, and tall mansions were built beside wide roads to show their respect. On the other hand, the prosperity of Qi has also brought up a large number of talents to help the world. At that time, it should be said that Qi was a great power in the East.
After the Warring States Period, successive governments (except the Qin Dynasty and the former Qing Dynasty) adopted policies to foster and further utilize private schools, such as courtesy to celebrities in the Han Dynasty, subsidies to academies in the Song Dynasty, and reform of private schools in the Republic of China. These measures make up for the shortage of official learning to a great extent, and play an important role in promoting the cultivation of talents, the spread of culture and the development of academics.
However, in order to strengthen the centralized monarchy, Qin He adopted a policy of strictly prohibiting private schools and combining hard and soft. After the Qin Dynasty unified China, it abandoned the contention of a hundred schools of thought and emphasized the law, and "burned books to bury Confucianism", "banned official tours", "shared books" and "colluded with others" to strengthen the system of officials and teachers. The rapid demise of the Qin Dynasty was not unrelated to its repressive cultural and educational policies. On the one hand, the Qing dynasty tried to attract scholars by opening subjects, establishing subjects and writing books. On the other hand, high-handed measures are taken against private schools, such as prohibiting the destruction of "heretical" books and establishing "literary prisons". This cultural and educational policy has seriously hindered academic development and aggravated the psychological barrier between ethnic groups.
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Learning in Siyi. It turned out that the officials of the Western Zhou Dynasty went to various vassal States to seek a way out, and the private doors and even big doctors in various vassal States needed scholars to serve them, competing to raise scholars, and the way out for scholars gradually widened, so the "scholar" class appeared. The cultivation of scholars has become an urgent requirement, and private schools have emerged. There are various schools in the scholar class, representing the interests of different classes or classes. In order to cultivate their own talents, various factions publicize their ideas to the rulers and ask them to adopt them in order to expand their political power.
First, before the establishment of the official school system, private school education undertook almost all the educational tasks, which made the ancient education in China never stop and made great progress. Since the burning of books in Qin Dynasty, the war at the end of Qin Dynasty and the inaction at the beginning of Han Dynasty, private education has never stopped. Ancient cultural classics and scientific knowledge are preserved and disseminated mainly through private education. Most of the talents who participated in the political, economic and cultural construction of the Han Dynasty were also trained and exercised through private education.
Second, private education has promoted the development of different schools. In the Qin Dynasty, academic achievements outside the Legalists continued to be spread and developed, mainly through private schools. There was a war at the end of Qin dynasty, private schools still existed, and the sound of chanting string songs continued. In the early Han Dynasty, the study of Huang Lao was still advocated, but the official school was not established, and various academic schools spread in the form of private school. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty only respected Confucianism and set up a doctor of the Five Classics as a post-imperial college. Huang's method is so yin and yang saints are still teaching in private schools. Since the dispute between ancient and modern Confucian classics, the Confucian classics of modern literature has always occupied a dominant position, while the Confucian classics of ancient literature are often taught in private schools, constantly fighting and giving full play to their strengths, which finally promoted the mutual absorption and integration of the two schools. It is precisely because of the repeated struggles of ancient and modern Confucian classics that private schools and official schools constantly contend and learn from each other's strengths, thus avoiding or overcoming their one-sidedness to some extent. Comparatively speaking, the official school abides by the law of imitating the family, and the private school education is less restricted by this. Many private school masters are also familiar with ancient and modern classics, which shows that private school education is more flexible and adaptable.
Thirdly, private school education has accumulated rich teaching experience, and many experiences have been applied and popularized in official schools.
This article plagiarizes Baidu Encyclopedia.