Advise Mr. Yuan to say: I can't learn.
Green is taken from blue, and green is blue; Ice, water, but colder than water. Wood is straight in the rope, not a wheel, and its curve is in the gauge. Although there is a crisis, those who stop coming forward will make it happen. Therefore, the wood is straight by the rope, the gold is sharp, the gentleman is knowledgeable, and he saves himself every day, so he knows clearly without fault.
So, if you don't climb the mountain, you don't know the height of the sky. Don't face the deep stream, I don't know the thickness of the ground; I didn't know the greatness of learning until I heard the last words of my late king. The sons of Gan, Yue, Yi and Xun were born in unison, long and different, and naturally educated. The poem says, "Dear Sir, there is no constant rest. Jing Gonger, goodness is integrity. Listen to God and you will be blessed. " God is greater than Tao, and joy is greater than harmlessness.
Think all day long, it is better to learn it in a moment; I've tasted it and I'm looking forward to it. Let's go hiking. Climb a trick, the arm does not lengthen, but the person you see is far away; Call with the wind, the sound does not add disease, but the listener is obvious. Those who cheat horses are not good enough, but cause thousands of miles; A man who pretends to be a boat can't swim, but he can't swim. The life of a gentleman is the same, and the goodness lies in personal leave.
In the south, there is a bird named Meng Dui, whose nest is feathers, whose hair is woven and whose reed is tied. When the wind breaks, the egg broken child dies. The nest is endless, but so are the people connected with it. There is a kind of wood in the west called Shegan. Its stem is four inches long, and it was born on a high mountain. However, in the abyss, the wooden pole can't grow out, but it stands naturally. In the bitter fleabane bitter fleabane, I can't bear to go straight; White sand is nirvana, and it is black. Lan Huaigen is a cheese, but he grows up, and the gentleman is not close, so he refuses to accept it. Its quality is not beautiful, but it is also gradual. Therefore, a gentleman must choose his hometown when he is born, and he must be a scholar when he travels. Therefore, we must also guard against evil and righteousness.
Everything has a beginning and an end. When honor or disgrace comes, it will be like virtue. Meat rots into adults, and fish withers into moths. Ignoring and forgetting your body is a disaster. Strong cultivation, soft cultivation. Evil is in the body, and resentment is in the structure. Wages are the same, the fire is dry, the ground is the same, and the water is wet. Vegetation is born, birds and animals are numerous, and things are human beings. Is a piece of nature, bows and arrows are very important; Lin, and the axe is heavy; Trees provide shade, but birds rest. Acyl acid, but Polygonum multiflorum Thunb. Therefore, words are troublesome, actions are humiliating, and gentlemen are cautious about words!
Accumulated soil becomes mountains, and the wind and rain are prosperous; The water drops merged into the ocean and the dragon was born; Accumulate goodness into virtue, the gods are complacent, and the sacred heart is prepared. Therefore, you can't take Wan Li Road without accumulating steps; If you don't accumulate small streams, you won't be a river. Leap, not ten steps; This is a great contribution to the success of Ma Xu. Perseverance, rotten wood can't be carved; Perseverance, the stone can be carved. Earthworms do not have the advantages of minions, and their bones and muscles are strong. They eat the earth and drink the yellow land with their hearts. The crab kneels six times and pinches twice. It's not that the snake hole has no sustenance, it's also impetuous.
Therefore, people with ulterior motives have no bright future; He made much ado about nothing, which has nothing to do with hehe. Those who follow the right path will not come, and those who follow the right path will not allow it. Eyes can't see, ears can't hear. The viper flies without feet, and the mouse is poor in five skills. "Poetry" said: "The corpse dove is in Sang, and her son is seven. A good gentleman with noble character is always a polite person. His appearance is clumsy and his heart is like a knot! " Therefore, a gentleman is bound by one.
I used to play drums, but the fish flowed out to listen; Boya Guqin, while Liu Ma raises Yuan. Therefore, the sound is not small but not heard, and the line is not hidden but not shaped. Jade is moist in the mountains, pearls are born in the deep, and cliffs are not withered. Do good without accumulating evil? Did anyone not hear?
Learn evil from scratch? Evil in the end? Yue: its number begins with chanting and ends with reading ceremony; Its significance begins with being a scholar and ends with being a saint. If you really accumulate strength for a long time, you will enter, and if you learn, you will stop. Therefore, there is an end to the number of students. If it is just, it cannot be abandoned for a moment. For it, people are also; Give up, so do animals. Therefore, this book is the discipline of political affairs; Poet, the stop of the middle voice; Etiquette, the main points of law, class discipline. Therefore, learning must stop at ceremony. Husband is called the extreme of morality. The respect of ceremony, the harmony of music, the abundance of poetry and books, the micro-spring and autumn, between heaven and earth. The learning of a gentleman is also in the ear, in the heart, in the four bodies, and in the dynamic shape. Finally, as long as you move, you can become law. The knowledge of villains is also heard, not spoken; Between the mouth and ears, four inches, seven feet of beauty! Ancient scholars were themselves, and today's scholars are people. The study of a gentleman is also for beauty; Little people learn that birds are calves. Therefore, if you don't ask, you will be proud of it, and if you ask, you will be proud of it. Proud, no, ooh, no; A gentleman is like a man.
Learn from ink and get close to people. Rites and music are not mentioned, poetry and books are not cut, and the Spring and Autumn Period is unhappy. If you learn from a gentleman, you will respect him all over the world. Therefore, learning ink is almost close to people.
Learning classics is not as fast as learning good people, followed by long rituals. You can't be a good person in the world, and you can't be a gift in the next life. Ante can learn miscellaneous knowledge, poetry and books. Then, in the last poor years, it is inevitable that there will be rude Confucianism. The original king, benevolence and righteousness, then courtesy is in its latitude and longitude. If you pat your collar with five fingers, there will be countless followers. If you don't respect the constitution, take the poetry book as an example, and refer to the river, the millet and the cone-shaped rice pot, you can't get it. Therefore, Longli, although unknown, is also a lawyer; If you don't give a long gift, you will scatter Confucianism, although you will argue.
If you ask, don't sue; Don't ask if you told anyone; Don't listen to those who talk. Don't argue with people who live up to expectations. Therefore, we should learn from it and then pick it up; Avoid it unless it is the way. Therefore, return the courtesy before you can talk to the parties; Words are fluent, and then words and deeds can be consistent and justified; Therefore, color can be followed by words and actions. Therefore, it cannot be said in words that this is pride; Can have nothing to say, that is hidden; In terms of color, it is called sorrow. Therefore, a gentleman is not proud, not hiding, not jealous, let nature take its course. The poem says: "The son of heaven gave bandits a comfortable relationship." This is also called.
One shot in every shot is not good enough to shoot; A thousand miles is not enough, and good is not enough; Learning badly is because ethics has nothing to do with human nature. Those who learn well will learn well. Once in the way, once in the way, the person who draws the lane is also; There are fewer good people, more bad people, and stealing feet. All the people, and scholars.
For example, indigo is extracted from bluegrass, but it is greener than bluegrass; Ice is condensed from cold water, but it is colder than water. The wood is straight and conforms to the chalk line, but if it is bent into a wheel (extracted by fire), the curvature of the wood (at that time) conforms to the general standard of compass plan. Even if it is dry, (wood) will not be straight again, and the fire will become like this. Therefore, wood will be straightened when measured with ink lines, and metal swords will be sharpened when ground on grindstones. A gentleman learns from others and introspects every day, and then he is wise and reasonable, and his behavior is innocent.
Therefore, if you don't climb the mountain, you don't know how high the sky is; I don't know how thick the ground is without facing the deep stream; If you don't understand the legacy of the emperor, you won't know the breadth of knowledge. People who commit the crime of smuggling are born with the same sound of crying, but when they grow up, their customs and habits are different, which is created by education. The Book of Songs says, "You are a gentleman, don't always covet comfort. Respect your work and love the virtue of integrity. The gods will give you good luck and blessings when they hear all this. " There is no greater spiritual accomplishment than being influenced by morality, and there is no greater blessing than not having a disaster.
I have been thinking hard all day, but I can't compare with the knowledge I learned in an instant. I once stood on tiptoe and looked into the distance, but I climbed too high to see widely. Climb high and wave, the arm is not lengthened, but people in the distance can see it; Shouting with the wind, the voice did not increase, but the listener heard it clearly. People who use horses and chariots can walk Wan Li Road if they don't walk fast, and people who use boats and boats can swim across the Yangtze River and the Yellow River if they are not good at swimming. A gentleman's qualifications and disposition are no different from those of ordinary people, but he is good at using foreign things.
In the south, there is a bird called "Mongolian pigeon", which takes feathers as its nest, weaves with hair and ties it to the ear of a tender reed. When the wind blows, the reed spike breaks, the bird's nest falls down and all the eggs are smashed. It's not that the nest is poorly woven, but that it shouldn't be tied to reeds. There is a kind of grass in the west called "Belamcanda". It is only four inches high, but it can overlook hundreds of miles away. Not because grass can grow tall, but because it grows on the top of the mountain. Pennisetum grows in hemp fields and can stand upright without support. White sand will not turn white when mixed into black soil. The root of Sophora japonica is called Ai Xiang. Once it is immersed in smelly water, gentlemen and servants will avoid it. It's not that Ai itself is not fragrant, but that it is soaked and stinks. Therefore, a gentleman should choose a good environment to live and a moral person to make friends, so as to prevent delay and protect his moderation and integrity.
Everything happens for a reason, and the arrival of honor and disgrace also corresponds to virtue. Rotten meat gives birth to maggots, while dead fish give birth to worms. If you slack off and forget the code of conduct, something will happen. Objects that are too hard are easily broken, and those that are too weak are easily bound. If you are not nice to people, it will cause disgust. Dry wood is flammable, low-lying and easy to wet, and there are many animals and plants. Everything is like sheep. Therefore, when the target is set, the bow and arrow will be shot. When a tree grows into a forest, it will lead to axe cutting. When the forest is lush and shady, birds will come to stay. When vinegar turns sour, it will attract mosquitoes. Therefore, words may cause trouble and actions may be humiliated. A gentleman can't help being cautious when dealing with people.
Earth and stone pile up into mountains, and the wind and rain start from here; Water flows into the abyss, and dragons are born from it; Accumulate virtue and do good deeds, cultivate noble moral character, and the natural mind will be clear and there will be a spiritual realm of saints. Therefore, without the accumulation of half a step, there is no way to reach thousands of miles away; Without the accumulation of tiny flowing water, there is no way to merge into the rivers and seas. The horse jumped less than ten paces; A bad horse can pull a cart for ten days, and its achievement comes from constantly walking. If it stops after a while, the rotten wood will continue to be carved. Stick to carving and the stone will be carved successfully. Earthworms have no sharp claws and teeth and strong bones and muscles, but they can eat the soil and drink the water in it, because they are single-minded. A crab has six legs and two crab claws. Without the caves of snakes and eels, it has nowhere to live, because it is impetuous.
Therefore, without the will to study hard, there will be no significant academic achievements; Without hard work, there will be no great achievements in career. Neither side will tolerate a man who can't get to his destination on the wrong road and serves two monarchs at the same time. The eyes cannot see two things at the same time and see clearly, and the ears cannot hear two sounds at the same time and hear clearly. A poisonous snake can fly without feet, and a mouse has five skills, but there is still no way. The poem says: "Cuckoo nests in mulberry trees, and its young birds have seven. A good gentleman should be single-minded and impartial. Only when the behavior is single-minded and impartial will the will be rock-solid. " Therefore, a gentleman is determined and single-minded.
In ancient times, there were harpists, and the fish in the water surfaced to listen. Boya played the piano, and the horse pulling the cart would stop to eat and listen with its head up. Therefore, the sound will not be heard because it is weak, and the behavior will not be discovered because it is hidden. If Baoyu is buried in the deep mountains, the vegetation will be moist, and if pearls fall into the abyss, the cliffs will not dry up. Good deeds can be accumulated, and they are not widely told. How can they be accumulated into virtues?
Where should learning begin and end? A: According to its practice, it should start with reading poems and other classics and end with reading the Book of Rites. In its sense, it begins with learning and ends with becoming a saint. Sincere practice, such long-term accumulation, will certainly be able to deeply understand the fun, learn to die. Therefore, although the tutorial of learning has an end, the desire to make progress cannot be slackened for a moment. It takes a lifetime to learn to be a man, and vice versa. Shangshu is a record of political affairs; The Book of Songs is a summary of one's heart. The Book of Rites is the premise of the legal system and the general program of various regulations, so you can't finish it until you learn the Book of Rites, which is the pinnacle of morality. The Book of Rites respects the ceremony, the Book of Rites speaks in harmony, the Book of Songs and the Book of History are profound and profound, and the Spring and Autumn Annals is righteous and has covered all the university questions between heaven and earth.
A gentleman's knowledge is obvious, which is manifested in his dignified behavior and his behavior in line with etiquette. Every move, even the slightest words and deeds, can set an example for others. Little people learn from their ears and from their mouths, only four inches apart. How can they perfect their seven-foot figure? The ancients read books for their own moral cultivation, but now people read books just to show off others. Gentlemen learn to improve themselves, while villains learn to show off and grandstanding, and take knowledge as gifts such as poultry and calves to win praise. Therefore, it is impetuous to teach others without asking your advice; Asking and answering two questions is lengthy; Impetuousness and wordiness are wrong. A gentleman's question and answer should be like an empty valley, no more, no less, just right.
Nothing is more convenient than getting close to your tutor. Both the Book of Rites and the Book of Music have statutes, but they are too rough. The Book of Songs and Shangshu are simple but not close to reality. Chunqiu is implicit but not thorough enough; It is noble and comprehensive to imitate a good teacher and learn from a gentleman, and it can also reach the world. So learning is nothing more convenient than getting close to the tutor.
Respecting the tutor is the most convenient way to learn, followed by advocating etiquette. If you don't respect the teacher or salute in class, just read some miscellaneous books and explain the Book of Songs and Shangshu, then you will only be a scholar all your life. Studying the wisdom of saints, seeking the root of benevolence and righteousness, and integrating etiquette and law are the' shortcuts'. It's like bending your five fingers and lifting the collar of a fur robe. When you eat, your hair will be completely smooth Not learning manners is like measuring a river with your fingers, holding millet with your fingers, and getting something to eat in a rice cooker with an awl. Therefore, respecting etiquette, even if the knowledge is not thorough and clear, can still be regarded as a moral and cultivated person; If you have no manners, even if you can distinguish right from wrong and be eloquent, you are just a shallow Confucian scholar without real cultivation.
If someone comes to you for an impolite question, don't answer it; Talk about impolite things, don't ask questions; Say rude things in front of you, don't participate; Don't argue with savage and competitive people. Therefore, it is necessary to conform to the principle of propriety and righteousness before giving reception; Avoid people who don't conform to the principle of propriety and righteousness; Therefore, only respectful and polite people can talk about the purpose of Tao; Only those who are fluent in writing can talk about the content of Tao; Only people with sincere attitude can talk about the profound meaning of Tao. Therefore, talking to someone who can't talk is called impetuous; Don't talk to people who can talk to you, that's neglect; Talking casually without looking at the other person's reaction is called blindness. Therefore, a gentleman should not be impetuous, careless or blind. He should be careful with everyone who comes for advice. The Book of Songs says: "It is approved by the son of heaven not to be impetuous or negligent." That's the truth.
An arrow in a hundred shots is not a good arrow if it doesn't hit the target; Car Ma Qianli, only half a step away, is not a good driver; You can't master ethical norms, adhere to the principle of benevolence and righteousness, and of course you can't be considered good at learning. Learning is a matter that needs full attention. Learning for a while and stopping for a while are ordinary people in the market. There are few good behaviors and many bad behaviors. Jay, Zhou and Tuo are all such people. A scholar can only be considered if he can master the knowledge he has learned comprehensively and thoroughly.
A gentleman knows that learning is not perfect, so he reads a set of books to achieve mastery, understands through thinking and exploration, practices through imitating a tutor, and removes his wrong habitual temperament to maintain. I don't want to see if my eyes are wrong, I don't want to listen if my ears are wrong, I don't want to talk if my mouth is wrong, and I don't want to think if my heart is wrong. When you reach the ideal state of concentrating on your study, you will be as eager to have colorful eyes, good ears and good mouth as you are. If this is done, then there will be no evil thoughts in front of power and selfish desires, many people will not give in, and nothing in the world can shake their beliefs. Living is like this, and it will not change until death. This is called moral integrity. Only with virtue and integrity can we be firm, and only with perseverance can we improvise. If you can be firm and improvise, you are a mature and perfect person. At that time, the sky will be bright and the land will be wide, and the value of a gentleman lies in the perfection of virtue.
Encourage study notes 1. Gentleman: refers to a learned and cultivated person.
2. Learning can't stop: learning can't stop.
3. Green comes from blue: indigo comes from blue grass. Cyan, indigo, a dye. Blue, Polygonum blue. Polygonum blue: Panicum miliaceum, with reddish purple stems, long oval leaves and dark blue when dry. Flowers reddish, spikes, achenes, dark brown. Leaves contain blue juice, which can be used as blue dye. Yu: From
4. shine on you: (deeper) bluer than Polygonum. Yu: than.
5. Medium rope: (wood) straight ink line. The carpenter straightened it with a straight ink line.
6. Think of the wheel: think of the wheel: bend the wooden strip with fire (a handicraft) with "Xuan". To: release. In favour: as.
7. Gauge: compass, a tool for measuring circles.
8. Although there is a storm: even if it is dried up by the wind, the sun and the sun. Yes, pass "again". Fuck, fuck. Violence is the same as "exposure" and drying. It's violent and dry.
9. quite: straight.
10. Rope retraction: measured with ink line.
1 1. Gold: refers to metal swords, etc.
12. Just sharpen it: take it to the grindstone and grind it. Sharpen, sharpen this stone. Just, verb, approach, approach.
13. A gentleman is learned. If he cares about himself every day, he will know clearly and will not do anything wrong: care about himself: check and examine himself. Reference, translation, inspection and testing; The second translation is the same as "three", many times. Provincial inspection. Hu, preposition, Yu. Erudition: To learn extensively. Day: Every day. Know: preach "wisdom", wisdom. Ming: Minda. Action without fault: there is no fault in action.
14. I've been thinking about this problem all day: however, the table has been decorated.
15. a moment: a moment, a moment.
16. Gang: Stand on tiptoe.
17. Bo Jian: See widely and see widely.
18. And people who see it are far away: it means that people far away can see it. However, the tide turns.
19. disease: quick, quick, here extended to "loud", which means loud.
20. Zhang: clear.
2 1. Wrong: use. Y: Car.
22. Lizu: Quickly. To: Realization.
23. Water: refers to swimming. Nouns, used as verbs.
24. Absolute: crossing.
25. Life is different: there is no difference in essence (from ordinary people). Health, general "sexual" talent, qualification.
26. Good and false: In: To. Things: External things refer to various objective conditions.
27. Xing: Get up.
28. Yan: Yu, there.
29. Deep: deep water.
30. Jiao: A dragon-like creature.
3 1. Accumulate goodness into virtue, while the gods are complacent, and the sacred mind is prepared: accumulate goodness and virtue, reach the highest state, and have a clear mind. Go ahead, go ahead. However, the table shows causality.
32. Wei: Half a step in the past. In ancient times, it was called "stepping" with one foot and "stepping" with two feet.
33. None: None (method) ...
34. Miracle: A good horse, a swift horse.
35. Xu's "Ten Drivers": A rotten horse can go far after ten days' driving. ) A bad horse. Driving, the distance a carriage travels in a day is called "driving".
36. Never give up: Success lies in never stopping. Give up, stop.
37. Wedge: Carved with a knife.
38. Stone can be carved: gold: metal. Stone: Stone. Carving: originally refers to carving on metal, generally refers to carving.
39. single-minded: (this is) because of single-minded. Yes, because.
40. Six knees: six legs. Crabs actually have eight legs. Kneel down, crab feet. On the other hand, the two legs behind the sea crab can only paddle, and cannot be used for walking or self-defense, so it cannot be counted as "kneeling". On the other hand, "six" means nothing. These two words are not mentioned in high school textbooks)
4 1. Chelate: the big claw of crab.
42. Mania: impetuous and unfocused.
43. God: spiritual wisdom
44. Kneel: feet
Water: sewage
46. advise: encourage.
47. Things: External things refer to various objective conditions.
48. Zhang: Very clear, obviously.
Encouragement and Appreciation, as the opening work of Xunzi, is a short article that discusses the significance of learning and persuades people to learn with correct purposes, attitudes and methods. Based on simple materialism and extensive quotation, explanation and reasoning, the article embodies some correct views of pre-Qin Confucianism in education, and also embodies the artistic style of Xunzi's articles as a master of pre-Qin philosophers' thoughts.
"Encouraging Learning" is a very rational text. If the control is not good, it is easy to sit still and become dull and monotonous. But this article is fresh and well known, and has been told by people for thousands of years. What is the reason for it? The most important thing is that it contains profound truth in a large number of simple and appropriate metaphors, and the metaphors are extremely flexible and natural, vivid and vivid without being boring and pedantic. For example, at the beginning of the article, four metaphors are used, such as "green is blue, green is blue", "ice is water, cold is water", "wood is straight with rope" and "gold is sharp and profitable", which explains the truth that "learning is omnipotent" from different angles and sides. He is an eloquent wizard, eloquent and eloquent, and has received a strong leading role. It is worth pointing out that almost all the vehicles used in this paper are common and easy to understand. These easy-to-understand metaphors will naturally remind people of some intuitive and superficial image things, and then connect with analogy, enlighten thinking and accept the profound truth said by the author.
From the formal point of view, the metaphors in "Encouraging Learning" are dexterous and diverse, and they are used freely. Explain the point of view, demonstrate the truth, and some use positive metaphors ("the accumulation of soil makes mountains, and the wind and rain are prosperous; The water drops merged into the ocean and the dragon was born; There are also some negative metaphors ("If you don't accumulate good deeds, you can't go to Wan Li Road;" If you don't accumulate small streams, you can't make rivers and seas "); Some metaphors are used alone, while others are used continuously. Some of the same kind are juxtaposed, and some are positive and negative; Some only use metaphors to imply truth, while others first use metaphors to lead to the truth to be said. In a word, there is no need to spread brocade and embroidery. Therefore, although this article has many metaphors, it does not feel stagnant and rigid. On the contrary, with the constant transformation and full development of metaphor, neat and changeable sentence patterns are formed, which makes the article look patchy and full of vitality.
Another feature of "encouraging learning" in writing is the extensive use of short sentence parallelism and positive and negative contrast. At the beginning of the article, there is a set of parallelism: "Green is taken from blue, and green is blue; Ice, water, but colder than water "; This kind of parallelism sentence is numerous in the text, full of argumentation and literary charm, and even has a sense of music rhythm flowing in it. Similarly, in the use of contrast techniques, "Encourage Learning" is also very distinctive. For example, when expounding the truth that learning should be good at accumulation, the author compares Qian Ji with Ma Xu, rotten wood with Jinshi, which shows that Ma Xu is indomitable and indomitable. Perseverance, a stone can be carved ",fully illustrates the great significance of" giving up "for learning. When expounding the principle of concentration in learning, the author compares earthworms with crabs. The former is "stronger than bones and muscles, but it can' eat the ground and drink the yellow'". Although the latter has "six knees and two claws", it is not a snake point. What is the reason? Is that the former "with one heart" and the latter "with one heart". Sharp contrast and strong contrast enhance the weight of reasoning.
Xunzi's article is known as "the great achievement of hundred schools of thought", which is developed and reasoned thoroughly; The writing is concise, concise and tasteful; There are many aphorisms, and they are chewy.