Li Shangyin's Life Story Li Shangyin (A.D. 8 13-858), male, Han nationality, born in Yuxi (Xi 'an), was a famous poet in the late Tang Dynasty. Cousin of Tai Duke Du Fu. His ancestral home is in Hanoi, Huaizhou (now Qinyang City and Boai County under the jurisdiction of Jiaozuo City, Henan Province), and his ancestral home is in Xingyang, Henan Province (now Xingyang, Zhengzhou). /kloc-at the age of 0/9, because of his literary talent, he was appreciated by Ling Huchu, an important member of Niudang Taiping Army, and was promoted as the governor of the shogunate. 25-year-old Jinshi and. At the age of 26, I was hired as a secretary by Wang Maoyuan, the ambassador of Jingyuan. Wang loves his talent. He is a husband. Therefore, it was rejected by the cattle party. Since then, Li Shangyin has struggled to survive between the two parties and worked as a staff officer among the provinces, depressed and frustrated. After that, he was poor all his life and died of depression at the age of 46.
Poetry in the late Tang Dynasty tends to be worse than before, while Li Shangyin pushed Tang poetry to another peak. Du Mu was a famous poet in the late Tang Dynasty, and they were called "Little Du Li". Li Shangyin, Li He and Li Bai are also called "Li San". Together with Wen, they are called "arts and sciences", because their poems and essays are similar to those of the same period, and all three of them rank sixteenth in the family, so they are also called "thirty-six styles". His poems are novel in conception and beautiful in style, especially some love poems and untitled poems, which are lingering and memorable. However, some poems are too obscure to be solved, and there is even a saying that "poets always love Quincy and hate that no one writes about Jian Zheng". Caught in the struggle between Niu and Li, I was frustrated all my life. Finally, he died of depression and was buried in Xingyang, Zhengzhou (now Alfalfa Village, Xingyang). According to the New Tang Book, there are 20 volumes of Fan Nanjia Collection, 20 volumes of Fan Nanyi Collection, 3 volumes of Yu Xisheng's Poems, Fu 1 volume, Wen 1 volume, and some works have been lost. There are poems by Li Yishan.
Come from a family background
Li Shangyin once claimed to belong to the same clan as the royal family in the Tang Dynasty. Zhang Caitian's textual research confirmed that he was a distant imperial clan in the Tang Dynasty. [2] But there is no official document to prove it, so it can be considered that this blood relationship between Li Shangyin and the royal family in the Tang Dynasty is quite far away. Li Shangyin affirmed his imperial clan status several times in his poems, but this did not bring him any practical benefits.
Li Shangyin's family can be traced back to his great-grandfather Li She. Li Shao once held the highest administrative position as the county magistrate of Meiyuan (now northwest of Fuping, Shaanxi); Great-great-grandfather Li Shuheng (uncle) was once the county commander of Anyang (now Henan); Grandfather Li Biao, a former xing zhou (now Xingtai, Hebei) document, joined the army; His father, Reese, was once an imperial adviser in the temple. When Li Shangyin was born, Li Siren was appointed as the county magistrate of Jia (now Henan).
Birth and death year test
Shang Yin was born in the eighth year of Feng Haoyuanhe (8 13) and the seventh year of Zhang Caitian Yuanhe (8 12). This is what scholars usually use today. Most scholars agree with what Feng Hao said, the most important of which is what he said in the anthology Book of Last Week: "Your Excellency Zhong Cheng: The rest of my life will be 25 years." Inscription: "In December of the first year of Kaicheng, Ji took Cui Guicong, a calligrapher from China, as the guardian of Huazhou, and was also an imperial historian." The book was written in the early spring of the second year of Kaicheng (837), and the poet was twenty-five years old. Based on this, Shang Yin was born in Yuanhe eight years. As for the year of death, it is especially necessary to distinguish the whereabouts and creation of poets in their later years.
Early life
Around 10, Li Shangyin's father died in the shogunate of Zhejiang, and he returned to his hometown in Henan with his mother and younger siblings, living in poverty and relying on relatives for help. At home, Li Shangyin is the eldest son, so he also bears the responsibility of supporting the portal. Later, he mentioned in his article that he was a "bookseller" when he was young, that is, copying books for others to earn money to supplement his family.
Li Shangyin's poor life in his early years had a great influence on the formation of his character and thoughts. On the one hand, he is eager to be an official as soon as possible to honor his ancestors. As a matter of fact, he did try to shoulder the responsibilities of the family. As an adult, Li Shangyin used the time of his mother's death to move the coffins of relatives buried in various places to Xingyang. Chen Yiyun believes that this is not only dominated by the patriarchal ideology, but also because he was lonely and poor since childhood, so he paid more attention to the love of flesh and blood. On the other hand, his early experience made him develop a melancholy, sensitive and lofty character, which was not only reflected in his poems, but also in his tortuous life.
Li Shangyin's enlightenment education may come from his father, and the teacher who had the greatest influence on him was an uncle of the same clan he met after returning home. The uncle went to imperial academy, but he never became an official and lived in seclusion. According to Li Shangyin's memory, this uncle was very accomplished in Confucian classics, primary school, ancient prose and calligraphy, and was highly valued by Li Shangyin. Influenced by him, Li Shangyin "can write ancient prose, but he doesn't like accidentally". At about the age of 16, he wrote two excellent articles (the theory of genius and the theory of holiness, which no longer exist), and won the appreciation of some scholars. Among these scholars, Tian Pingjun was the envoy of Linghu Chu.
Linghu Chu is another important figure in Li Shangyin's study career. He is an expert in parallel prose and appreciates Li Shangyin's talent very much. Not only taught him the writing skills of parallel prose, but also subsidized his family life and encouraged him to make friends with his children. With the help of Ling Huchu, Li Shangyin's parallel prose writing has made rapid progress, from which he gained great confidence, hoping to develop his career with this ability. During this period (in the fourth year of Daiwa, AD 830), Li Shangyin's gratitude and self-satisfaction to Ling Huchu were beyond words: "There was never the slightest kindness, so I gave Long Tao an empty pen and inkstone. Since I deliver books in the middle of the night, I don't envy Wang Xiang for having a sword. " ?
fastrack
In the Tang Dynasty, intellectuals who lacked family background all wanted to develop in their official career. There are two main entrances: imperial examination and shogunate. The former is considered as the qualification to enter the officialdom and the official recognition of its administrative ability; The latter is a political team cultivated by some powerful bureaucrats themselves. If they perform well, they can often become official officials of the court through the recommendation of these bureaucrats. In the middle and late Tang Dynasty, many officials not only had the qualification to take the imperial examination, but also had the experience of being aides.
In the second year of Wenzong (837), Li Shangyin passed the qualification of Jinshi. He has failed many times before this. It is difficult to verify the year when Li Shangyin first applied for the World Heritage. Some people think that even before 10, that is, in the second year of Emperor Wenzong Taihe (828), Li Shangyin began his long and arduous road of applying for the World Heritage. Like most candidates who lack power background, Li Shangyin does not expect to succeed in one fell swoop. There is no mention of this situation in his poems handed down from ancient times, which shows that he is not very concerned about the failure of the first test. But as the number of failures increased, he gradually became dissatisfied. In the poem "Seeing Weng Dongchuan off to the curtain of Hongnong Shangshu", he compared the examiner who didn't accept him (the seventh year of Taihe) to a villain who hindered his success: "The birds don't cherish each other."
The failure of English drama will not make Li Shangyin reflect on his lack of knowledge. As early as four years in Taihe, Ling Hu Mao, who had studied with him, was admitted to Jinshi. This is obviously not because Hu Ling Mao's academic talent is better than Li Shangyin's, but because of his father's influence. Powerful people helped each other and recruited a large number of candidates from the upper-level network, which was a common phenomenon in the imperial examination in the Tang Dynasty. Many candidates who lack backers will deliberately make friends before the exam, or try to attract the attention of examiners and celebrities. According to Li Shangyin's account, he is relatively low-key in this respect (with Tao Jinshi), but it is unlikely that he has never placed hope on Ling Huchu. It can be seen from Li Shangyin's letter to Hu Ling Mao in the first year of Kaesong that his mood has been quite excited. His two-year bid was the result of the influence of Hu Ling and his son on the examiner on duty.
Step into official career
At the end of that year (AD 837, the second year of his official career), Li Shangyin passed away. Shortly after attending Linghu Chu's funeral, Li Shangyin was hired by Wang Maoyuan, our ambassador to Jingyuan, and went to Jingzhou (now Jingxian North, Gansu Province) to be Wang's attendant. Wang Maoyuan admired Li Shangyin's talent so much that he even married his daughter. From Li Shangyin's later experience, it can be seen that this marriage dragged him into the political whirlpool of the struggle between Niu and Li.
Li Shangyin's embarrassing situation lies in: Wang Maoyuan made good friends with Li Deyu and was regarded as a member of the "Li Party"; Linghu Chu and his son belong to the "Niu Party". Therefore, his behavior can easily be interpreted as betraying his teacher and benefactor who just died. Li Shangyin soon paid the price for it. [5-6] In the Tang Dynasty, the qualification of Jinshi was generally not immediately awarded an official position, and it was necessary to pass the examination held by the official department. In the spring of the third year of Kaicheng (838), Li Shangyin took the official examination and was exempted from the examination. The most direct impact of this incident on Li Shangyin was that he delayed his official position in the imperial court for one year. However, he did not regret marrying Wang Yanyan, the daughter of Wang Maoyuan. They have a good relationship after marriage. In Li Shangyin's eyes, Wang is a beautiful, gentle and understanding wife.
In the fourth year (839), Li Shangyin took the official-granting exam again and passed it successfully, and got the position of secretary and provincial proofreader. This is a low-level official position, but it has certain development opportunities. Not long after, he was transferred to the county commandant of Hongnong (now Lingbao, Henan Province). Although the rank of county commandant is similar to that of school bookkeeper, staying away from the power center will obviously affect the future development. During Li Shangyin's tenure at Hongnong, it was not very smooth. Because he commuted the death sentence ("live prison"), he was criticized by Sambi's boss, Sun Jian. Sun Jian probably treated Li Shangyin with some kind of unkind attitude, which made him feel humiliated and unbearable. Finally, he resigned in the form of taking a long vacation (Ren Hongnong and Wei asked for leave to return to Beijing). Coincidentally, Sun Jian has just been transferred to other places, and Yao He, who took over, managed to ease the tension. With his encouragement, Li Shangyin managed to stay. But he was obviously not in the mood to continue working at the moment, and soon (five years, 840 years) he resigned again and was approved.
idle period
After Li Shangyin resigned from hongnong county, after a period of adjustment, he managed to return to the secretary province in the second year of Wuzong Huichang (842). This time, his position ("orthography") is lower than last time ("pupil"). Even so, Li Shangyin has a new starting point for development. In the Tang Dynasty, it was generally believed that a position in Beijing would have more promotion opportunities than an expatriate official, and Li Shangyin's secretary province was more likely to attract high-level attention. Another piece of good news for Li Shangyin is that Li Deyu, the prime minister, has won the full trust of Wu Zong, and this capable politician is almost granted full authority to handle state affairs. Li Shangyin actively supported Li Deyu's political ideas. He is ambitious and has reason to expect the opportunity to be reused.
However, fate seems to have played a big joke on him: Li Shangyin rejoined the secretary less than a year ago, and his mother died. He must, as usual, leave his job and go home to be filial for three years. This means that Li Shangyin, who is 30 years old, has to give up his best chance to become a power class. The accident dealt a fatal blow to Li Shangyin's political career. He lived at home for three years (from the end of Huichang II to the end of Huichang IV), which was the most glorious period of Li Deyu's administration. Miss this period, with the death of Wu Zong soon, Li Deyu political group suddenly lost power and influence, Li Shangyin has also been difficult to find a political bosom friend. In the third year of Huichang (843), Wang Maoyuan, Li Shangyin's father-in-law, died while representing the imperial court in punishing the rebellion in the buffer region. Wang Maoyuan did not use his influence to help Li Shangyin get promoted before his death, but his death undoubtedly made Li Shangyin's situation even more difficult.
In his idle years, Li Shangyin handled some family affairs, the most important of which was to move the graves of some relatives to the family cemetery in his hometown. This effort to maintain family honor has somewhat satisfied him psychologically. It can be seen from some existing poems that Li Shangyin tried his best to adjust his mentality and downplay his interest and expectation in political career. He sometimes engaged in farm work, claiming to be "eager to be a farmer" and imitating Tao Yuanming's style to write pastoral poems. But the chaotic situation has always attracted Li Shangyin's attention. He has a very distinct political tendency, which is almost impossible to hide.
Shogunate travel
In October of the fifth year of Huichang (845), Li Shangyin ended his filial piety and returned to the secretary province. At this time, the efficient cooperative relationship between Wu Zong and Prime Minister Li Deyu has reached the later stage. In March of the following year, Wu Zong died. It is said that he was poisoned by taking the elixir of life provided by Taoist priests for a long time. After a series of court struggles, Xuanzong Li Chen ascended the throne. He opposed most of Wu Zong's policies, especially Li Deyu. Therefore, almost the whole six years of Huichang (846) continued a new round of political cleansing, and the once powerful Prime Minister Li Deyu and his supporters were quickly pushed out of the power center. With the support of Xuanzong himself, the new forces of Niudang led by Bai Minzhong gradually occupied an important position in the government.
This year, Li Shangyin was appointed as Masako of the Secretary Province. 35-year-old Li Shangyin finally had a son (Li Gungun), and his cousin Li Xisao also became a scholar in this year. These two good news can only excite him for a while. Because he supported Li Deyu's platform, he was regarded as a betrayal by Ling Hu-mao and others, and was unlikely to share the victory of the Niudang. Although his status is so low that he can hardly be excluded from the power struggle, you can still imagine his depressed mood. Therefore, when Zheng Ya was invited to work in Guilin by Gui Guan in the first year of Dazhong (847), he hardly hesitated. [6] Starting from the third year of Taihe (829), Li Shangyin was employed by the military commander Ling Huchu, and entered the local official operation organization as an aide for many times. In fact, his experience as a staff member is longer than his official service in the court. But before the first year of Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty (847), he always seemed to regard this experience as a transition. For Li Shangyin with political ambition, this kind of experience is very important, which is not only the process of his working ability, but also the way to accumulate social relations. However, after all, it is only an activity to prepare for the future. From the time point of view, almost every previous work experience changes frequently within a few months, and once you have the opportunity to enter the DPRK as an official, you will immediately resign from the post of shogunate. This time, when Li Shangyin went to Guilin as Zheng Ya's aide, he probably didn't realize that his career was coming to an end. In the next 10 years, he will gradually exhaust all his political enthusiasm during his travels in the shogunate.
In March of the first year of Dazhong, Li Shangyin bid farewell to his family and set off with Zheng Ya. After a journey of about two months, he came to the south about 5000 miles from Beijing. Zheng Ya's southward migration is part of the Niudang cleaning plan. Li Shangyin is willing to take the initiative to follow a disgraced official, which shows that he sympathizes with Li Deyu. On the other hand, it also shows that they no longer have confidence in their promotion. Less than a year in Guilin, Zheng Ya was once again demoted to the state secretariat, and Li Shangyin also lost his job. In the autumn of Dazhong two years, I returned to the capital Chang 'an. It is said that when he was down and out, he wrote to his old friend Hu Ling Suo (he has entered the core of power) asking for help, but he was rejected. As a result, he can only get a small position as a county magistrate through the self-study exam. Ironically, 10 years ago, he happened to be a considerable position (Hongnong County Commandant).
Li Shangyin was a captain for a short time and was transferred back to Beijing. At this time, it is very similar to his situation in the secretary province in the first year of Dazhong: humble official position, bleak future, loneliness and expectation of change. In September of the third year of Dazhong, Li Shangyin was invited by Lu Hongzhi, the ambassador of Wuning Army, to work in Xuzhou. Lu Hongzhi is a capable official, and he also appreciates Li Shangyin. If the official career goes well, Li Shangyin may have one last chance. Unfortunately, however, Li Shangyin followed Lu Hongzhi for just over a year, and the latter died in the spring of five years. In this way, Li Shangyin had to find another way to make a living.
Sunset night scene
Another major blow that Li Shangyin experienced during his five years in college and middle school was the death of his wife Wang at the turn of spring and summer. Judging from Li Shangyin's poems, he has a very good relationship with Wang. This woman from a wealthy family has been taking care of her family and supporting her husband for many years. Because Li Shangyin traveled abroad for many years, the husband and wife spent a long time together. It is conceivable that Li Shangyin has a guilty heart for his wife. The ups and downs of his official career undoubtedly enhanced this sense of guilt. The great changes in the family did not give Li Shangyin a long time to experience the pain.
In the autumn of this year, Liu Zhongying, who was appointed as China's ambassador to Xichuan, sent an invitation to Li Shangyin, hoping that he could go to Sichuan in the southwest border with him. Li Shangyin accepted the position of joining the army. After simply arranging things at home, 1 1 month went to work in Sichuan. He lived in Sichuan Zizhou shogunate for four years and was unhappy most of the time. He once had a great interest in Buddhism, associating with local monks, donating money to print Buddhist scriptures, and even thinking about becoming a monk. Li Shangyin's life is the most dull and stable period in his official career, and he is no longer unwilling to pursue the success of his official career.
In 1999, Liu Zhongying was transferred back to Beijing. Out of concern, he arranged a promotion position for Li Shangyin. Although the grade is low, the treatment is rich. Li Shangyin worked in this position for two or three years, and then returned to his hometown to live in seclusion. In the autumn and winter of the thirteenth year of Dazhong, Li Shangyin died of illness in his hometown.
Zuju tomb
"Li Shangyin's Complete Poems of the Tang Dynasty" contains "Please ask Lu Shangshu to write an article describing his great-grandfather's ambition": "An Yang was promoted to a scholar at the age of nineteen ... He was born in Anyang at the age of twenty-nine, abandoned his generation, and was buried only in Yongdian East, Huaizhou, as originally ordered." Qin Hu Aizhi Mausoleum: "Tomb of Tang Li Shangyin: There are clouds in the selected works, and my ancestral home is in the eastern suburb of Huaizhou, but it is absent today." In the fifty-fourth year of Qing Qianlong, the tomb of Huaiqing County: the tomb of Tang Li Shangyin was in the east of the city (according to the collected works, his ancestors lived in the eastern suburb of Huaizhou, and now it is at the foot of the northern mountain of Qinghua). Five years of Qing Daoguang's Annals of Hanoi and Historic Sites: "There should be no hidden tomb of Shang Dynasty in Hanoi, and the old knowledge cloud is in the east of the city." However, the records of Li Shangyin's great-grandfather and great-grandfather's tomb are quite detailed: "Tang Liji's tomb: Li Shangyin's great-grandfather, Shang Yin asked Lu Shangshu to write an account of his great-grandfather, Yun Zengjun, whose great-grandfather An Yang was buried in the east of Yongding, Huaizhou, and was ordered by Meiyuan. Meiyuan is a certain, the word is awkward, and its tomb Changle Jiazhi is an inscription. " "Shang Yin's great-grandfather Li Shuheng's tomb, the so-called Anyang, the old Tang Dynasty, and Shuheng entered the Jinshi in nineteen years, and was finally ordered by Anyang. Yishan selected this as Hongshu." In the 26th year of the Republic of China, Qin Yang County Records Mausoleum: the tomb of Li Shangyin, which is said to be located in the east of the city. In the thirty-second year of Emperor Kangxi of Qing Dynasty, Historical Records of Hanoi County marked Li Yishan's tomb in the east of Hanoi City, west of Zhugou Branch Canal and south of Qinyang, only a few miles away from the city. The location of Li Shangyin's tomb marked on the map of ancient books in Hanoi is also specious. It can be proved that it is specious that this chronicle and Li Shangyin's tomb mark Qinyuan's position on the same parallel line. In the thirty-second year of Chakangxi's Annals of Historic Sites in Hanoi, Qinyuan was recorded as follows: "Qinyuan is located on the north bank of Qinshui, 30 miles northeast of Fucheng, a place where bureaucrats feasted and visited in the golden age, and there are still stone paintings." Since Qinyuan is thirty miles northeast of Fucheng, why is it painted in the east of the city? If we infer the location of Li Shangyin's tomb according to the proportion of Qinyuan's location drawn by this magazine, it should also be in the east of Yongdian, 30 miles away from the county seat. In this way, the accurate records of Li Shangyin's tomb in the literature should be "Yongdian East Plain" and "Qinghua Beishan". .
There are two versions about the location of Li Shangyin's tomb. One is located in Miaohou Village, Shanwangzhuang Town, Qinyang City, and the other is located in the south of Muwa Village, Yulong Town, Xingyang City. The former is the native place of Li Shangyin, and the latter is the hometown where his ancestors moved. Due to the scarcity of information about Li Shangyin's later life, the location of his death and burial is still inconclusive.
The documentary basis of Li Shangyin's Qinyang Tomb is the map of historical sites in the Annals of Hanoi in the Kangxi Period of Qing Dynasty and the related contents in the Annals of Hanoi in the Qianlong Period. The location of "Li Yishan's Tomb" is indicated in the county annals of Hanoi. "Epitaph of Hanoi" clearly records: "Li Shangyin's tomb is in the east of Fucheng. "Selected Works" Yunzu lives in the eastern suburb of Huaizhou and cannot be tested today. "
The local government announced Li Shangyin's tomb as the second batch of cultural relics protection units on June 7 1987, and renovated the cemetery twice on June 1998 and 200 1. At present, the tomb area is surrounded by walls, and the whole plane is square with a side length of 9 meters. The platform is built of bluestone, and the top mound is built on the platform. The tombstone of the tree in front is carved with a dragon. In the center of the front of the monument is the seal script "Li Shangyin's Tomb". The upper part of the monument is engraved with a brief introduction of Li Shangyin's life, and the lower part is engraved with the historical map of "Hanoi County Records" in the thirty-second year of Kangxi. Lay bricks around and plant pine and cypress. In the Tang Dynasty, Li Shangyin's beloved wife "Wang Yanzhi's Tomb" was also buried in the same cemetery. There is no shaped cemetery in Li Shangyin's tomb in Xingyang, and the wasteland is located in the farmland about 200 meters south of Alfalfa Bay Village. According to the website of Xingyang government, the tomb is about 4.2m high, 10.4m long from east to west and 10.6m wide from north to south. There are no tombstones, and the wasteland is covered with dead trees and weeds. Now it is a cultural relic protection unit in Zhengzhou and Xingyang.