( 102 1~ 1086)
Wang Anshi was a famous figure in the Northern Song Dynasty and an outstanding thinker and writer. Wang Anshi was well aware of the social crisis in the mid-Northern Song Dynasty, so he asked Song Renzong for the reform of bureaucracy and politics. During the Song Shenzong period, Wang Anshi actively promoted the "New Law" and fought against the conservatives headed by Sima Guang, thus ensuring the promulgation and implementation of the "New Law", which Lenin called "1 1 century China reformer". Wang Anshi's poetic attainments are also very high, ranking among the top eight in Tang and Song Dynasties. His article "Shang" is both reasonable and reasonable. His poem "Spring breeze is green in Jiang Nanan, when will the bright moon shine on me?" It is still very popular today.
First, the county magistrate is an official.
Wang Anshi, a native of Linchuan, Fuzhou, was born in Tianfu, North Song Zhenzong for five years (A.D. 102 1). /kloc-when he was 0/9 years old, he met his father's funeral, and the three-year mourning period expired, which coincided with the imperial examination, so he went to Kaifeng, Beijing to take the exam and ranked fourth among the Jinshi. Before long, he was sent to Yangzhou to serve as an official of Huainan Province. In the past, the system stipulated that he was allowed to submit articles after the expiration of his term of office, asking for the assessment of cabinet positions, but Wang Anshi did not do so.
1047, he was transferred to Yin Qin county as a magistrate. Yinxian is a good place with convenient irrigation, but when Wang Anshi went, the waterway was in disrepair for a long time, so that the canal was blocked and the river bottom was upside down. In his first year in office, the weather was good and the harvest was good, but Wang Anshi did not give up the plan to build a large-scale water conservancy project. After obtaining the consent of the boss, he used the slack time to organize villagers to dredge water control channels and build dams. He also lent the grain in the official warehouse to the people and repaid it after harvesting. Wang Anshi's tireless and conscientious work is indeed beyond the reach of ordinary "people-friendly officials". The second good thing he did in Yinxian was to implement the young crops law, lend money to the poor and curb land merger. At that time, the tyrannical landlords lent usury, and the people who were unable to repay were forced to pay their debts with land. He implemented the young crops law, which enabled the government to renew the grain, made it convenient for the people and effectively cracked down on the exploitation of usury.
Wang Anshi witnessed the corruption of the official system and the lack of talents in the Northern Song Dynasty, so he vigorously set up education. He changed the Confucius Temple in Yinxian into a "county school" that opposed the "modern law". Du Chun, a well-known scholar from Siming Mountain, was hired as the instructor of Yuezhou. In order to commemorate Ren Anshi's political achievements, the people of Yinxian built a temple for him, and made sacrifices for generations, which lasted for a long time.
From 1057 to 1058, Wang Anshi successively served as Changzhou well-known and Jiangnan East Road Prison. At this time, Wen Yanbo, the prime minister, recommended Wang Anshi to the emperor, saying that he was indifferent to fame and fortune and asked for a promotion to curb the bad atmosphere of chasing fame and fortune in officialdom. Soon, the court asked him to take an official exam, but he didn't take part. Ouyang Xiu recommended him as a duty officer, but he declined on the grounds that his grandmother was very old. During his more than ten years as a local official, both the magistrate and the governor tried to do something tangible and beneficial.
Second, "Wan Yan Shu"
Yuelu Academy Library in Northern Song Dynasty
1058 10, Wang Anshi was transferred to the third division as a judge and became a Beijing official. Wang Anshi has been an official for ten years and has accumulated rich experience in local officials' management. Wang Anshi, who was aware of social ills and people's sufferings, was determined to carry out reform after he came to power. However, in the mid-Northern Song Dynasty, foreign invasion coexisted, causing social crisis. Therefore, Wang Anshi stood up and wrote Wan Yan Shu to Injong, and systematically put forward reform opinions. However, Emperor Injong did not pay attention to it. He is weak and mediocre. In his later years, he indulged in the deep palace and hardly asked about political affairs. Therefore, Shu is like a stone sinking into the sea, and there is no news.
Two years later, he was transferred to Yuan Xian and was appointed as the official responsible for drafting the emperor's proclamation. At that time, Wang Anshi was responsible for picketing Han Jing prison, and his personality was stubborn. A young man in Kaifeng keeps a fighting quail bird. He didn't want to give it to the person who asked for it. A friend took the bird away without permission, and the young man caught up with his friend and killed him. Kaifeng sentenced young people to death, while Wang Anshi believed that young people should be considered innocent for killing thieves. So he impeached Kaifeng for wrong trial and sued Dali Temple. However, Dali Temple also thinks that Kaifeng is right. Later, Renzong wrote to Wang Anshi to apologize, and Wang Anshi also said, "I am innocent." Refuse to admit mistakes. In the middle of Shu (1058), Wang Anshi systematically put forward the idea of political reform. First of all, it is put forward: "nowadays, social financial resources are increasingly scarce and customs are declining, so scholars have to worry about the country." The crux of this situation is that today's laws are out of date. Now it is time to study the politics of the late king in essence and carry out reforms. " He also pointed out that in view of the problems such as corruption in official administration and lack of talents, it is necessary to reform schools, imperial examinations, cronyism, and deploy useful talents from local areas to govern the world. In view of financial difficulties, official corruption and other issues, he put forward his own unique views. Finally, he put forward that the key to reform lies in the emperor, who should persist in reform and should not give up halfway because of the opposition of people who are lucky in customs.
When Song Shenzong was a prince, he appreciated Wang Anshi's Wan Yan Shu very much. Han Wei is a good friend of Wang Anshi and a document of the Prince's Mansion. Whenever his opinions are praised in front of the Sect, he says, "These are actually the opinions of my friend Wang Anshi." Later, Han Wei was promoted to prince, and he recommended Wang Anshi to take his place. As soon as Zongshen ascended the throne, Wang Anshi was immediately appointed as the magistrate of Jiangning, and a few months later he was named a bachelor and lecturer of Hanlin. In this way, Zongshen directly listened to Wang Anshi's reform suggestions.
When summoned for the first time, Song Shenzong asked: "What should be grasped first in governing the country?" Wang Anshi replied: "First of all, we must choose the method." Ask again: where is Emperor Taizong? "Answer:" Your Majesty should follow Yao and Shun's example. Why do you want to talk about Emperor Taizong? Yao Shun's method is simple, critical and easy. Only later scholars couldn't understand it, so they thought it was unfathomable. " Zong Shen was satisfied with Wang Anshi's answer and told him to help the political reform wholeheartedly. After a lecture, Zongshen left Wang Anshi alone to discuss reform measures, and Wang Anshi took the opportunity to ask Song Shenzong to resolutely refuse those who opposed the reform. In the early morning of this year in Hebei, due to the huge increase in disaster relief expenses, the national finance was in a tight situation. 1 1 month, during the worship activities,
When Zongshen asked the bachelors to discuss the method of relief, Wang Anshi argued with Sima Guang. Zong Shen saw that the focus of their argument reflected two fundamentally different routes to save the inferior position. Sima Guangbao Zhang slowly changed; And Wang Anshi wants to make a big change and solve the problem fundamentally. Song Shenzong admired Wang Anshi's courage, determined to eliminate all kinds of interference, and began Wang Anshi's political reform.
Third, the phase change method
1069 February, Song Shenzong appointed Wang Anshi as a political consultant, and set up a special organization to rectify finance and discuss reforms-the Third Division of Planning, presided over by Wang Anshi, and began to implement reforms. 1070 65438+ In February, Wang Anshi was appointed as the prime minister, giving him greater power to promote political reform. During his tenure as prime minister, he helped Zongshen to carry out political reform and set off Xifeng political reform which lasted for 16 years. This reform began in the second year of Xining (AD 1069) and ended in the eighth year of Yuanfeng (AD 1085) when Zongshen died of illness. "It can be divided into two stages: Xining New Law and Yuanfeng Reform. Song Shenzong was the leader of political reform from beginning to end. He trusted Wang Anshi so much that even Wang Anshi refuted him. Wang Anshi was even more grateful to the emperor for his kindness, taking the affairs of the world as his own responsibility and devoting all his resources to the implementation of political reform. The aim of Xifeng political reform is to make Qiang Bing rich. In order to achieve this goal, Wang Anshi has successively promulgated the young crop law, the average loss law, the farmland water conservancy law, the service collection law and the market easy law, all of which belong to the category of financial management and wealth management. Sun Tzu's art of war, the law of armor, the law of protecting horses, etc. Belongs to the category of Qiang Bing; More tributes, promotion of schools, etc. , belongs to the category of rectifying bureaucracy and cultivating talents. The center of the reform is "financial management", and the method of "financial management" is "the people do not increase taxes, and the country uses enough".
Young crops law was promulgated in September 1069. When green and yellow refuse to take it, the government takes the initiative to give farmers loans to help them out, and pays them back twice a year in the spring and autumn, asking them to pay two points of interest. What is distributed in spring must be taken back in autumn. 1069165438+10 promulgated the farmland water conservancy law (or the farmland rights and interests treaty), which stipulated that all localities should build farmland water conservancy projects, and the materials should be distributed by local residents according to households. The law of equal loss was published in July 1069. When the imperial court requisitioned and transferred property, it thought that wealthy businessmen monopolized materials and raised prices, which made the people miserable, so the equal loss law stipulated that the right to requisition and transfer should be unified.
The entrusting party is responsible for the production of the Sixth Road and Shi Jing and the reserve of the national treasury, and then collects it according to the actual needs and the situation of products in various places. The state regulates availability, weighs the level and unifies transportation. The so-called "expensive is cheap, and it is easy to use near", thus cracking down on the profiteering behavior of businessmen and reducing some burdens for farmers.
Donation law is the most influential reform in Xifeng political reform. Wang Anshi was cautious in the formulation process, and it took two years to discuss with Zong Shen before it was promulgated, and it was put into practice from the second year of Xining (A.D. 1069) to the fourth year of Xining (A.D. 107 1 year). This is the new law that Wang Anshi is most proud of. In the mid-Northern Song Dynasty, officers did great harm, but government households, generals, monks, female households, single households, urban households and merchants could all enjoy exemption from service. Heavy military service fell on small landlords and yeomen in rural areas, which greatly damaged rural productivity. During Wang Anshi's political reform, it was stipulated that according to the family property of the people, people should be paid to serve voluntarily, so that families who did not serve originally could also pay. In this way, the yeoman was exempted from customs duties and the court increased its income.
Garbo method was put forward by Wang Anshi in Wan Yan Shu. One of the purposes of Garbo law is to suppress various forms of resistance of farmers. Write the rural population into the book, two men get one, and ten families are guaranteed. All the guarantees were given to the governor, who trained them and taught them how to fight during the slack season. As a measure to reform the disadvantages of redundant staff, Garbo Law has saved a huge amount of money for the country. As a feudal politician, Wang Anshi's foresight can be seen from this.
In terms of training talents, Wang Anshi reorganized the school and reorganized imperial academy, expanding the number of students in imperial academy to 1000. In order to unify the upper and lower thoughts and promote the development of political reform, Wang Anshi personally compiled unified teaching materials for various factions. He annotated three books, The Book of Songs, Shangshu and Zhou Li, and several imperial examinations, all of which were regarded as teaching materials.
The reform in Ningxia made "a rich country, Qiang Bing" receive certain effects, especially "a rich country". From A.D. 1078 to A.D. 1085, "Chinese and foreign treasuries are full" and "it can last for twenty years". 1072, at the climax of the reform, Wang Shao won the victory of defeating Xixia and recovering two thousand miles of land in five States, such as Xihe, and returned the old Xinjiang, which had been occupied for two hundred years since the middle of the Tang Dynasty, to its native land. It can be seen that the reform has reversed the situation of "poverty and weakness" to a certain extent.
Fourth, political reform failed.
Wang Anshi's political reform supported by Song Shenzong was opposed by many people from the beginning. The opposition, headed by Sima Guang, with the support of Empress Dowager Tai and Wang, launched an all-round attack on the new law.
Conservatives opposed the reform, first creating rumors to prevent Wang Anshi from coming to power to participate in major policies. Wang Anshi made a commitment to the country, and did not hesitate or retreat in the face of rumors. 1067, when Zong Shengang transferred Wang Anshi to Beijing, the old school foresaw that he would be reused. For a time, there was an unhealthy trend in the imperial court that prevented Wang Anshi from participating in politics. When he was appointed as a political adviser, He Luhai, an imperial envoy, couldn't wait to fabricate Wang Anshi's top ten "crimes" and attack him as "treacherous as loyalty and treacherous as faith". At that time, Wang Anshi had just been in office for a few months, and even Sima Guang was surprised. He felt that Lu Hai had acted too hastily. After reading Lu Hai's article, Zongshen immediately returned it to him, making it difficult for Lu Hai to step down and forcing him to resign, so Zongshen made him a local official. Wang Anshi chose Lv Gong instead of Luhai as the ancient adviser. Han Zhen suggested that Zongshen stop political reform. Zongshen hesitated, and just wanted to agree with Han Qi, Wang Anshi immediately asked to resign. Later, in the imperial edict given to Zongshen by Sima Guang, there were words such as "scholar-officials are boiling and people are stirring", which made Wang Anshi furious. He immediately went to the branch to defend himself. Zongshen deeply felt that Wang Anshi's statement was reasonable, so he did not adopt Han Qi's opinion and continued to appoint Wang Anshi to manage political affairs.
The opposition believes that political reform should not be aimed at the local rich, who are the basis of state power. If they are all knocked down, the border situation will be tense, and the people will be mobilized, and the money and food for military supplies will not be settled. They opposed the Garbo law and worried that Baoding would learn martial arts. When there is a famine, Baoding will take up arms and become a national disaster. Regarding the young crops law, the opposition believes that the government is actually usury, which is detrimental to national dignity, and borrowing in famine years will definitely lose money. With the implementation of the immunity law, the Empress Dowager of the two palaces personally went to Zongshen to cry, saying that her relatives were forced to pay a heavy immunity money, and I was afraid of unrest in the capital.
Wang Anshi refuted the accusation of the opposition. 1070 in March, Song Shenzong asked Wang Anshi, "There are rumors outside, and the court thinks. What weather is not enough to fear, people's words are not enough to be kind, and fathers' laws are not enough to keep? Where did the imperial court say such a thing? "Wang Anshi didn't directly answer whether he said' three shortcomings', but wrote" the first five articles ",refuting the five articles that the opposition attacked the most." The slogan "Three Shortages" was put forward by Wang Anshi in 1072. In the spring of the fifth year of Xining (A.D. 1072), Lingtai supervisor Lang said, "The sky is too long and the stars are out of control. This is because the country is strong and the government is unpopular. Therefore, Wang Anshi should be dismissed. " In order to prevent the change of city laws, Tang Yan wrote: "The change of the city caused people's dissatisfaction and led to the collapse of Huashan. Isn't this a warning from heaven? " The opposition tried to use some natural anomalies to shake Zongshen and defeat Wang Anshi in order to abolish the new law. Therefore, Wang Anshi bravely put forward? Quot "The weather is not enough to fear" is a resounding slogan. 1075+00 In June, a comet appeared, which was then called the "demon star", and the opposition took the opportunity to set off another climax against political reform. Because Wang Anshi had a simple materialistic understanding of astronomical phenomena, his conservative plot failed. Yuan Ying was stabbed and sent to Yingzhou. Wen Yanbo's letter was detained and sent to Di Wei Post.
Five, go home.
During Wang Anshi's tenure as prime minister, when a ceremonial official was discussing the location of the memorial tablet in the ancestral hall, Wang Anshi decided to dedicate Alessandro Ferreira Leonardo's memorial tablet to the ancestral hall without authorization. The officials involved in the discussion argued with Wang Anshi together and failed to change his decision. On the night of Shangyuan Festival, Wang Anshi rode a holy horse to Xuande Gate, and the gatekeeper stopped him and whipped Wang Anshi's horse. Wang Anshi was furious, and the first part demanded that these guards be punished. Yushichai did defend the bodyguard, but in the end he beat the bodyguard with a stick and reprimanded the chamberlain. Ren Shao dug the Xihe River and reported it to the court. Zongshen thought it was Wang Anshi's suggestion, so he took off his Yu Pei and gave it to Wang Anshi. This shows how much Wang Anshi was favored by Zongshen at that time.
But in the face of the powerful offensive of the opposition, Song Shenzong began to waver. 1074 in April, eight months have passed since the dawn of the world, and the opposition claimed that this was a manifestation of God's dissatisfaction. Xia Zheng, a student of Wang Anshi, with the support of the opposition, wrote a letter to Shintoism and presented a map of refugees, saying, "The drought is mainly caused by the new law, but it will rain after Wang Anshi takes office." Song Shenzong has looked at this painting over and over again, so he has some doubts about political reform. Wang Anshi had to resign himself. Therefore, Zongshen removed his post as prime minister and appointed him as Guan Wendian.
Bachelor, Jiangning magistrate.
After Lv Huiqing's mourning expired, Wang Anshi continued to recommend him, and Zongshen appointed Lv Huiqing as a political adviser. After Wang Anshi's recommendation, Han Jiang became prime minister. The two strongly supported Wang Anshi's legislation and continued to implement the new law. Lv Huiqing is a man with poor moral character. He had long wanted to replace Wang Anshi, and he was afraid that Wang Anshi would be reused again, so he tried his best to find opportunities to attack Wang Anshi. He framed Wang Anshi's younger brother, Wang Anguo, by handling the Xia Zheng case, and created the Li Shining prison case to further frame Wang Anshi. His plot was discovered by Han Jiang. He used his power to stop it, exposed it to Zongshen, and secretly called Zongshen's power to recall Wang Anshi. Zong Shen also deeply felt that Wang Anshi was indispensable to the political reform, so in February 1075, he wrote to restore Wang Anshi's post of Pingzhang.
After the reunification, Lv Huiqing not only did not assist Wang Anshi in carrying out the new law, but waited for an opportunity to attack Wang Anshi, and the reformists appeared cracks. At this time, with the increasingly fierce attacks by the opposition, Zongshen's trust in Wang Anshi was not as high as before. On June+10, 5438, a good star appeared in the east. Zongshen wrote to ask the truth about gains and losses and asked where politics was not in the interests of the people. When Wang Anshi wrote "exhortation", Zong Shen said, "Why can't this bitter winter and summer rain disappear?" I was so angry that Wang Anshi said that he was ill in bed. Encouraged by Zongshen, he was willing to go to court. 1076 In June, Wang Anshi's son fell ill and died because of the attack of Lv Huiqing and others. After Wang Anshi became prime minister again, he repeatedly asked to resign on the pretext of illness. He was even sadder when his son died. Coupled with illness, he urged to resign. Wang Anshi wanted to be his minister for eight years, day and night, regardless of his reputation, trying to eliminate all dissidents and slander, get rid of malpractices and establish new legislation, which has begun to take shape. As long as Zongshen's reform direction remains unchanged, the new law will not be abolished. Zong Shen understood that Wang Anshi's desire to retire was irreversible, and he could not keep it again and again. 1June, 076, 10, Zongshen agreed to his resignation, so as to judge jiangning house and let Wang Anshi return to Jinling. 1079, made him Jing Gong. This is Wang Anshi's second blow.
After Wang Anshi's political reform, Song Shenzong still insisted on some reforms. The selected ministers in power are all people who have worked with Wang Anshi for many years or formulated new laws, and basically follow Wang Anshi's reform direction. Zongshen died in March of 1085 at the age of 38, and his ten-year-old son acceded to the throne, named Song Zhezong.
After Wang Anshi retired to Jinling, he has been living a leisurely life like a hermit. He built a house outside the gate of jiangning house, seven miles from the city and seven miles from Jiangshan, calling his home "Mid-Levels Garden". It is common for people to ride horses and roam the lakes and mountains, and spend their old age with mountains and rivers and meditation. During this period, he wrote many poems.
When I was in Jinling, people often came to see me. Among them, the communication between Wang Anshi and Su Shi in Jinling is even more legendary.
Wang Anshi and Su Shi are sixteen years old. In their youth, they all stood out because of their outstanding talents. Ouyang Xiu was the leader of the literary world in the Northern Song Dynasty, and the two people he admired most were Su Shi and Wang Anshi. Wang Anshi and Su Shi have made outstanding achievements in literature, and they are both "eight great masters in Tang and Song Dynasties". Politically, they all advocate reform. Su Shi is not as conservative as Sima Guang, but he has different views on the steps and methods of reform. So two outstanding people became political enemies in Feng's political reform. When Wang Anshi was in power, Su Shi opposed the new law and was repeatedly silenced. But neither of them hurt people's hearts, and Su Shi did not completely deny the new law. 1079 At noon, Su Shi was imprisoned for the Wutai Poetry Case, and Wang Anshi was no longer in the capital. He was surprised and immediately tried to rescue him in Jinling.
1080, Su Shi moved from Huangzhou to Ruzhou, passing through Jinling, where Su Shi and Su Shi, who had been in contact for many years, met each other in a friendly way. During Su Shi's stay in Jinling, the two had many conversations. They talk about poetry and read Buddha together. In their letters and poems, Wang Anshi made an exception and talked with Su Shi about current affairs, such as the use of troops in Xixia. Among them, Wang Anshi's poem Beishan:
Beishan lost its green color and went straight to the pond.
Counting the fallen flowers because I have been sitting for a long time, I found that the grass is already late.
This is one of the poems he wrote after traveling to the North Mountain with Su Shi. The meeting of Jinling made Su Shi more understanding of Anshi's character. Later, he praised everyone: "I don't know how many years have passed before such a figure exists."
1084, Wang Anshi was seriously ill, and the theological physician went to Jinling for treatment. After he recovered from his illness, he went to the temple in Mid-Levels Garden to give alms, and the gods gave him a sum of money to "report to Ning Temple". I rented a house in the city.
1086 In the afternoon of April, Wang Anshi died angrily at the age of 66. Zhezong acceded to the throne, the queen mother listened to politics, and Sima Guang was the prime minister. Conservatives came to power and began to abolish the new law. Bad news followed, making Wang Anshi miserable. Wang Anshi was chased as a "teacher"; During the reign of Shaosheng, he was given the title of "Wen", which was worthy of enjoying the palace; Hui Zong was also named Wenxuan King Temple. When Qin Zong was in power, the emperor ordered him to stop enjoying Wenxuan Wang Dian. Emperor Gaozong adopted the opinions of Zhao Ding and Lv Cong and cancelled his title of "King of Shu".
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