A: "Education and teaching" is an important principle of education and teaching put forward by Herbart, a famous philosopher, psychologist and educator in modern Germany. Herbart's "education and teaching" can be understood from the following aspects.
(1) The meaning of "education and teaching".
Herbart believes that the highest purpose of education is the cultivation of morality. Education must form students' certain moral qualities and concepts and make them "perfect" people, and the most important and basic means to achieve this goal is teaching. Moral education requires teaching; Without imparting cultural knowledge, it is impossible to carry out moral education. Knowledge and morality are intrinsically and directly related. Based on this idea, he clearly put forward the principle of "education and teaching", emphasizing that any teaching process must be accompanied by moral education, and moral education must rely on teaching. He pointed out that education (moral education) runs through, and only through teaching can it really produce practical results. Teaching is the basic way of moral education, that is, "entertaining". He does not admit that there is "teaching without class" and opposes "teaching without class". If there is no moral education in teaching, there is only a means without purpose; On the contrary, without teaching, moral education (or moral education) is the purpose without means. (2) Implementing "education and teaching"
To carry out moral education through teaching, the purpose of teaching must be consistent with the purpose of the whole education. Therefore, Herbart believes that the highest purpose of teaching is to cultivate virtue. But he also believes that in order to achieve this ultimate goal, teaching must also set a recent and more direct purpose for itself, that is, "various interests." Interest refers to the characteristics of intellectual activities. Herbart believes that various interests have a moral power.
On the one hand, school education cultivates moral quality through emotional and will training, on the other hand, it inspires wisdom through knowledge transmission, but they are not isolated, but unified, and are closely related to the whole process of the formation of students' concept system. Herbart attributed all school work to "education and teaching" and summarized all his educational theories as "education cannot be separated from teaching".
(3) the significance of "education and teaching"
Before Herbart, educators usually studied moral education and teaching respectively, and education and teaching were usually given different tasks and purposes. In the history of education, Herbart was the first to clearly put forward the concept of "education and teaching", thus profoundly clarifying the definition of teaching and discussing the relationship between teaching and education. He put forward an innovative pedagogy, which revolutionized the relationship between education and teaching, thus setting a brand-new example in educational thought and teaching practice. His outstanding contribution lies in the application of his psychological research results to clarify the inherent essential relationship between education and teaching, which has laid a solid foundation for moral education. He revealed the law that teaching must be educational, and emphasized that moral education must be given to students in teaching, which was correct at that time and today.
On the other hand, Herbart regards teaching as the only way (sometimes the most important way) to implement moral education, and regards the growth of knowledge and the improvement of moral character as unconditional synchronous movements. He didn't realize that moral education and intellectual education were relatively independent. He replaced the complicated educational process with teaching without any basis. He didn't take into account the influence of social environment and the significance of emotion in moral education, which is a mechanistic tendency.