As the ancients said, it is beneficial to open books. Reading is too closely related to people's work and life. It is the main way for human beings to inherit the cultural heritage of their ancestors, and it is also the basic means for people to acquire knowledge and transform the world. "Reading with one eye and reciting with one eye and ten lines" is the ideal realm pursued by scholars of all ages.
However, the total amount of knowledge and the number of books in today's world are advancing in geometric progression. Faced with the rapid expansion of knowledge and information, traditional reading methods have exposed many insurmountable defects: (1) potential pronunciation affects reading speed. (2) Narrow reading vision. What the eyes see is only two or three words, which leads to many unnecessary jumps and pauses. (3) Unconscious repeated reading. Some readers often unconsciously read all the articles over and over again, doing ineffective work. (4) Single reading skills. We can't change the reading method flexibly according to the difficulty of the material and the purpose of reading. (5) The reader is inattentive. The reading speed of most readers is much lower than what they can achieve when they concentrate.
Primary school is a critical period for language learning. Traditional reading teaching generally underestimates students' reading potential and is used to teaching students to read slowly word by word. Many people are prejudiced against "speed reading", and equate the effective reading method of "speed reading with ten lines at a glance" with "not asking for a very good solution", "seemingly understanding but actually not understanding" and "swallowing dates". Modern reading theory holds that there are many methods and skills in reading, and the appropriate methods should be selected according to different reading purposes and different materials. Therefore, it is necessary to reform the traditional reading teaching mode and improve students' reading speed and efficiency.
Second, the theoretical basis of fast reading teaching in primary schools
Eyes and brain are directly reflected. When reading, ordinary people usually convert text symbols into sound symbols, and then obtain meaning according to the sound. The key to the direct reflection of the eyes and brain is to eliminate the potential pronunciation phenomenon in the mind and directly transform the text symbols perceived by the visual organs into meanings, thus achieving a leap in reading speed.
Expand your horizons. Vision, also known as visual breadth, refers to the text range perceived by a viewpoint. The greater the breadth of visual reading, the faster the reading speed. The average person's reading range for meaningless numbers is 7 2 units. Research shows that it takes almost the same time to recognize one word and two words, and the effect of perceiving the same words and composing them into meaningful sentences is obviously better than that of presenting them independently. There are innate differences in people's reading breadth, but they can all be gradually expanded through training.
Develop the right brain. Scientific research also found that the two hemispheres of the brain have relatively independent consciousness functions: the left hemisphere is in charge of speech, operation and logic, and is the center of abstract thinking; The right hemisphere is in charge of music, spatial recognition, emotion and so on. It is the center of thinking in images. Reading without pronunciation is a kind of visual behavior, which is beneficial to the pattern recognition and image memory function of the right brain. In the process of reading, the coordination between the left and right brains will naturally achieve unexpected high efficiency.
Characteristics of China people. Chinese characters are the only preserved characters among the four ancient Chinese characters in the world. Chinese characters are hieroglyphics, which are characterized by close correlation between form and meaning and intuitive expression, which is more conducive to students to form a direct relationship between form and meaning. Chinese characters are rich in information and easy to identify, which is beneficial to association, which also brings great convenience to speed up reading.
Third, the implementation methods of fast reading teaching in primary schools
(A) teaching objectives and basic requirements
The goal of speed reading teaching in primary schools is to let students master the basic skills of speed reading and improve their attention, memory and quick response ability in speed training. Specifically, after 2-3 years of 40-50 hours of training, students' reading speed can reach about 3,000 words per minute, the comprehension and memory rate can reach over 70%, and the reading efficiency can be improved by 5- 10 times.
To achieve the above goals, primary school students must master the following six fast reading skills:
Don't look back. Review refers to those parts that have been read repeatedly, with eyes twitching left and right, up and down, and pausing from time to time. Teachers should make students clear their reading goals, concentrate on their work and abandon their distractions. According to the actual reading ability of students, we should put forward understanding requirements and train in a limited time.
Get rid of lip reading, throat reading and mind reading. Children begin to read aloud, and they form the habit that when reading, words must go from eyes to mouth, from throat to voice, and then from ears to brain. Let students understand that the main purpose of reading is to understand, try to abandon the habit of meditation, strive for direct reflection from the eyes and brain, and finally achieve the goal of eliminating psychological recitation.
Expand the breadth of visual reading. From the beginning of students' literacy, teachers should teach students the correct reading methods, word for word, and avoid reading word for word. Then gradually train to see a phrase and sentence clearly from a point of view. Learn the methods of group gaze, vertical gaze and plane gaze, improve the sensitivity of edge vision, and make the text on the visual edge clear from fuzzy.
Pay attention. We should create good reading conditions so that students can read in a calm and happy mood. Limit reading time and urge students to try their best to eliminate external interference with their own will.
Recall the main points. Try to remember while reading and remember the main points of the article. Once you find that a part can't be recalled or vaguely remembered, you can read the full text quickly or look for those parts that you haven't remembered. Develop the habit of being problem-oriented and focusing on finding answers.
Variable speed reading. Flexibly change the reading speed according to the reading purpose, style and material difficulty.
(B) Teaching content and methods
Basic skills training. Before fast reading training, we should first master eye movement skills. Sports training methods of eyeball mainly includes: (1) "viewpoint moving method", that is, the viewpoint is moved quickly in a specified direction within a certain distance, including left-right moving method, up-and-down moving method, diagonal moving method, up-and-down moving method and circular moving method. (2) Watch the "circle chart" training to expand the effective field of vision. (3) Watch "shulte Watch" training, expand the breadth of visual reading, and enhance the brain's quick response ability.
Picture quick browsing training. Figure speed training can broaden your horizons and enhance your ability to feel things instantly. Pay attention to the following points when choosing pictures: the theme should be clear, easy for children to understand, and in line with children's interests; The size should be moderate so that all children can see clearly; Bright colors and clear pictures; Use a single picture first, and then use a few pictures related to the content. The methods of displaying pictures include: slide projector projection, Lamian Noodles flash, physical reflector reflection, TV screen flash, etc.
Word speed reading training. The focus of word speed reading training is to let students learn to see, understand and remember a group of words from one point of view. In order to change beginners' habit of reading word by word from left to right, we should first train with simple graphics cards and then train with words. Word speed reading generally uses cards, speed reading boxes or projection flashing methods.
Sentence speed reading training. The main purpose of sentence speed reading training is to expand the breadth of visual reading, train the agility of students' thinking, enhance their understanding and memory ability, and lay the foundation for speed reading articles. In training, students are required to look at a sentence from a viewpoint, and the visual focus falls on the center of the text. At first, you can read a sentence quickly and repeat it. Ask students to read a series of sentences in succession and then repeat them, so that they can master the method of "trying to recall".
Sentence group speed reading training. The meaning of sentence groups (natural paragraphs and meaningful paragraphs) is more complete and complex than sentences. To understand sentence groups, we should not only understand the main meaning of each sentence, but also connect the meanings of the upper and lower sentences, so as to understand the theme to be expressed by sentence groups. Therefore, it is more difficult to read sentences quickly than to read sentences quickly. The training of sentence groups can be carried out step by step by "adding boxes" and "adding points". (1) frame type. Look at the box before reading the text. Put the visual focus in the middle of the box and gradually develop the habit of looking at a box of words from one angle. (2) Addition type. Use the method of adding small black dots to indicate the position of visual focus. The idea falls on the text below the little black dot. Read a group of words with one idea.
Guess reading training. Guess reading is a reading method to predict the content and text of an article according to the context, and it is also a kind of logical reasoning and language sense training. Mastering guessing and reading skills can improve understanding and judgment. In speed reading, you don't have to browse word by word, you can skip reading, skip a few words or sentences, and sometimes skip 1/5 words.
(C) article fast reading teaching
1. Five fixed methods for reading articles quickly
Meaning group gaze method is to stare at a phrase, a short sentence or a half-line word from a viewpoint and understand and remember the word as a whole. This method is easy to master and can be used in the early stage of fast reading training.
When reading vertically, the line of sight moves from top to bottom along an imaginary vertical line in the middle of each page, and a line of text is seen from one viewpoint. Suitable for reading short passages.
When looking sideways, the projection of the line of sight moves obliquely. At the beginning of training, practice in pairs, diagonal lines and red strokes, and the teacher points to read with a pointer. Use an imaginary diagonal line to read quickly in groups of three lines and four lines.
Wave gaze method When the number of words in the horizontal row of the reading material exceeds the reading width and the vertical row method cannot be used, the viewpoint can jump up and down in waves to make up for the area that Yu Guang can't see. In practice, the viewpoint falls at 1/3 of a line, and fluctuates up and down every few lines.
Face gaze method This is the most advanced gaze method. Mastering this method can achieve the ideal state of fast reading. Face-to-face gaze method is difficult, which requires students to expand their horizons step by step, horizontally and vertically, learn to read two or three lines of text from two viewpoints first, and then read half a page or even a page from one viewpoint.
2. Three basic ways to read articles quickly.
(1) Read as a whole. A reading method to quickly understand the whole article according to simple and easy procedures. The whole reading program can be divided into general programs and different styles of programs. General program, also known as conventional program, refers to a general speed reading program suitable for various styles, which consists of the following items: ① article title (or title); 2 the author; ③ Time; 4 major events; ⑤ Your own feelings and gains.
Different styles of programs refer to programs that are only suitable for speed reading in a specific style. Primary school texts are mainly narrative, which can be roughly divided into four styles: writing people, keeping notes, events and news reports. The speed reading procedure of narrative writing based on people is: ① the title or title of the article; 2 the author; (3) Main figures, age and status (occupation); (4) the environment in which the main characters live (background of the times); ⑤ Use a few things (what things) to reflect the characteristics (quality, spirit) of the characters; ⑥ Characteristics of main characters; ⑦ Other characters, the relationship with the main characters; The purpose of writing.
The teaching steps of holistic reading method are: (1) Remember the reading procedure. At the beginning of training, you can write the program on paper and put it in front of your eyes for comparison. (2) While reading, screen the content according to the requirements of the program, so that the content is concentrated and organized. (3) After reading the whole article, check whether all the requirements have been met according to the procedure.
(2) Search for reading. A reading method to find specific information is often used in study, work and life. The process of searching for reading is divided into two steps: the first step is to ask questions. Step two, find the relevant words. Attention should be paid to teaching search reading: ① Read the stem and try to remember it before reading, and then read the stem again to check whether the memory is correct. Remember the questions before reading. ② Not too many questions, generally no more than six.
(3) browse and read. A reading method that only seeks to understand the general content and ignores the details, and can grasp the content of the material without reading the full text. The procedure of browsing reading method: ① Look at the table of contents or titles, and choose the content you are interested in. (2) Browse the text and read some parts of the article selectively. ③ Organize harvesting. After reading it, summarize the central idea and main points of the article and form a general impression. The purpose of browsing and reading is to absorb the main meaning of the material, so this method requires certain language knowledge and thinking ability, which is not suitable for junior high school.
(D) the preparation of experimental teaching materials
Textbooks are the main materials for teachers and students to teach and learn, and are an important carrier to reflect the idea of teaching reform. Any teaching reform, without its own unique teaching materials or books, can not be implemented in the classroom, and it is difficult to achieve obvious results. Le Julian's teaching experiment of fast reading took compiling textbooks as an important content from the beginning and always regarded it as an important task. So far, students' books, examination materials, teachers' books, teaching AIDS, teaching videos and electronic teaching materials have been compiled. Teachers and students in the experimental class generally responded well after using it.
Fourthly, the practical effect of fast reading teaching in primary schools.
(A) to improve students' reading efficiency
1987 In the spring, Le Julian began a three-and-a-half-year fast reading teaching experiment for the third grade students in her primary school. The total training time of the experimental class is about 100 hour, and the average reading speed of the whole class is 2.
000 ~ 2200 words per minute, the comprehension rate is 75 ~ 83%, and the effective reading speed reaches 1, 500 ~ 1.
600 words/minute, the reading efficiency is improved by more than 5 times. 1998 fast reading teaching experimental class, developed to the whole city 146 class. In September of the same year, Zhoushan Institute of Education conducted a comparative sampling test on the reading efficiency of students in the experimental class and the ordinary class, and the results in the experimental class were generally 5-8 times higher than those in the ordinary class. Experiments show that any child with normal intelligence can master the basic skills of fast reading after more than 40 hours of strict training!
(B) the development of students' learning potential
Speed reading teaching plays an immeasurable positive role in improving students' comprehensive quality, especially in developing their right brain potential. The students in the experimental class are not only quick in reading, wide in knowledge, but also quick in thinking. Their comprehension, memory, oral expression and writing abilities are better than those in other classes, and their scores in other subjects are also better than those in ordinary classes. Speed reading training also has a positive impact on students' outlook on life. They realize that doing things is like reading. They should devote themselves actively, concentrate their energy and strive to achieve the most remarkable results in the shortest time. A student said: "If the initial reading is to let us crawl in the kingdom of knowledge, then learning to read fast is from climbing to running to flying, and speed reading can even extend our life."
(3) Improve the efficiency of Chinese teaching.
Speed reading teaching experiment brings speed reading teaching into reading course, which perfects the reading teaching system in Chinese teaching and fills the gap in speed reading teaching in primary schools in China. Speed reading teaching takes the mastery of speed reading methods and the formation of speed reading ability as the most important teaching goal, which fundamentally changes the traditional reading teaching mode with the main purpose of understanding the content of the article and the main form of teacher's explanation, and forms a new mode of combining intensive reading with speed reading, students reading independently and teachers guiding in time. The research results of speed reading teaching also create favorable conditions for the construction of a large Chinese teaching system in which in-class learning and out-of-class learning communicate.