And the methods that can be tried to solve.
A: The main problems that may be encountered in the implementation of the compulsory education policy for migrant children of migrant workers are:
1) The formulation of policies and regulations is not perfect and the supervision mechanism is not perfect.
The existing laws on protecting the children of migrant workers' equal right to education are difficult to play their due role because of their general provisions and lack of operability. There are no clear restrictions and penalties for illegal acts. Coupled with the uneven development between regions, local government departments at all levels do not fully understand the right to education of migrant workers' children, which is also an important factor preventing migrant workers' children from realizing equal right to education.
The imperfection of policies and systems is one of the main reasons why many migrant children drop out of school. When the children of migrant workers leave the countryside, there is no corresponding education fund to flow with them. The direct consequence is that the more migrant children are received in the inflow area, the greater the financial input of the local government. Therefore, the children of migrant workers are often excluded from schools on the grounds of local economic difficulties.
The implementation of relevant policies is weak. Although all localities have formulated corresponding education policies for migrant workers' children, in practice there is no clear national unified education administrative organization to be responsible for the management of migrant workers' children's schools, which are almost in a state of spontaneous running, which is quite chaotic. The corresponding financial allocations are often diverted to the development of local public schools.
Due to the lack of a complete supervision and management mechanism of compulsory education, the local governments of the two places shirk their responsibilities, lack cooperation and communication, and do nothing. At present, the macro-management of migrant workers by the whole society and the government is not perfect, the self-interest and execution are insufficient, and various functional departments fail to complete their respective tasks well, which makes the management of migrant workers uncoordinated, which makes it difficult for the education department to understand the situation of migrant workers' children and make accurate statistics and effective supervision to do their enrollment work well.
2) The current household registration system does not meet the needs of population mobility.
The dual household registration system in urban and rural areas has resulted in the social classification of "agricultural population" and "non-agricultural population", which has continued to this day, making the "agricultural population" who enter the city to work and live still bear the label of "migrant workers". This not only prevents them from enjoying the relevant welfare benefits of non-agricultural population, but also makes the education of their children a problem.
From a macro point of view, firstly, peasant mobility, as an established social existence, has lost the support and protection of the organization and the recognition of relevant systems while realizing the transformation of professional identity; Second, after farmers enter the city, they are basically excluded from the city in terms of household registration, employment, social security, marriage and schooling for their children. From the microscopic point of view, at present, some enterprises, especially foreign-funded enterprises and private enterprises, only emphasize the use of migrant workers unilaterally, ignoring the protection of their children's right to education, and lack humanized thinking and effective safeguard measures for their children's worries about going to school. Their children's enrollment has become a problem.
The current household registration system does not meet the needs of the floating population, which leads to the high cost of local education for migrant workers' children, and the policy of "migrant workers' children's education is mainly based on inflow management" is difficult to operate. According to China's current household registration system, government public services, including compulsory education, are mainly managed according to the principle of household registration location. Therefore, the education expenses in the inflow areas are distributed on the basis of local household registration. Migrant children and adolescents entering urban public schools will increase the burden on the inflow areas, and they will inevitably be required to pay the borrowing fees. Therefore, most families still choose to send their children to schools for migrant workers' children (only in big cities where migrant workers are concentrated). These schools for children of migrant workers have low fees, poor conditions for running schools, and some even have no ability to run schools at all, so the education of children of migrant workers is also greatly restricted.
3) There are educational differences and discrimination between urban and rural areas.
The parents of rural children are generally less educated and their family economy is relatively poor. However, in the education of rural children in China, the standard of resource allocation is often lowered, and the gap is allowed to widen, so that the children of farmers who need high-quality education most can only get poor educational resources. For example, the level of teachers in rural schools and the teaching conditions and requirements of children of urban floating population are lower than those in urban schools.
The survey shows that many students who enter public schools have a great gap in the educational treatment they enjoy in the teaching process compared with the children who flow into the place. Mainly manifested in: First, the school arranges the children of floating population separately, not as the evaluation object. Second, in dealing with the contradictions and conflicts between urban and rural students, they are biased towards urban children; Lack of patience in learning guidance for children of migrant workers; When participating in activities and competitions, it is considered a waste of resources to evaluate the children of migrant workers. Thirdly, due to the gap between income and consumption level, local students often look for the satisfaction of superiority and vanity from them. Therefore, under the negative environment of the joint efforts of schools, teachers and students, many children of migrant workers have a kind of trouble and pressure that is hard to get rid of.
4) The influence of farmers' own factors.
Influenced by backward traditional ideas, they ignore education and pay attention to the present. Although it is the common desire of farmers to be successful, many people think that reading is useless, or that workers in cities are laid off one after another and college graduates can't find jobs. Even if their children study, they may not find suitable jobs in the city in the future. Instead of wasting money like this, let children learn to do business early, earn more money and get ready for marriage and family. At the same time, the weak family economic foundation also affects the realization of the children's right to education.
5) Problems existing in the children of migrant workers themselves
The unfair treatment in the city and the huge social gap between urban and rural areas make the children of migrant workers have a strong sense of inequality and inferiority, so they have a strong feeling of being tired of learning. Some teachers, driven by interests, let the children of migrant workers learn without heart, resulting in the children of migrant workers losing to urban children at the starting line. They can't change the reality, so they have to express their dissatisfaction with society in a negative way-being tired of learning. Judging from children's psychological development, discrimination is the biggest hidden harm to children. Children of migrant workers transfer to public schools in cities, and more or less discrimination makes children who have just begun to think have an understanding of their poverty, and inferiority complex arises from this. Therefore, they have estrangement, confrontation and even hatred with society. Insecurity, inadaptability to the environment and lack of love caused their lack of emotion. If there is no timely guidance and treatment, it may cause pain in their adult life and even various anti-social behaviors.
The methods that can be tried to solve are:
1) Reform the current compulsory education system.
Cancel a series of unreasonable expenses, such as borrowing fees, sponsorship fees and tuition fees. , and clear responsibility. The key is to improve education finance. Creating opportunities for migrant workers' children to receive compulsory education is a kind of government behavior, which involves not only public security, price, industry and commerce and other relevant government functional departments, but also the coordination and mutual assistance between the inflow government and the outflow government. This requires a higher level of financial co-ordination and greater financial transfer payments, which requires the central government to operate education funds to ensure that education funds are unimpeded and earmarked.
Increase government investment in education and establish a sharing mechanism for children's education funds of migrant workers. China's compulsory education implements the management system of "the State Council leading, local responsibility, hierarchical management and county-oriented". In reality, district and county governments bear the main responsibility of compulsory education investment. This will inevitably lead to the situation of urban-rural division and regional division of compulsory education. Although the country has introduced new policies and regulations, it is clear that migrant children's compulsory education is mainly managed by the inflow government, which increases the responsibility of the inflow government and the burden of education investment. To solve the problem of sharing education funds, we must further rationalize the management system of compulsory education, strengthen the macro-overall arrangement of provincial compulsory education funds, and share education funds in densely populated areas. For example, the financial allocation will establish special subsidy funds to solve the problem of migrant workers' children entering the city.
2) accelerate the reform of the household registration system
To speed up the reform of China's household registration system, we should separate the household registration from the interests of other legitimate citizens and make the household registration system return to its original role and appearance. The household registration system itself is an integral part of China's identity system. The household registration book is only a citizen's proof of residence and does not contain much information. It's just that the government departments have gradually attached many unreasonable management systems to the household registration system, and based on these systems, a series of unfair social management models have been established, which leads to the discriminatory nature of the original neutral household registration system. In order to eliminate the negative impact of the household registration system, we should speed up the separation of the household registration system from the current closely related labor, personnel, wages, prices, education, health, social welfare and many other systems, and strip off the interests attached to the household registration system and restore the household registration system to its true colors. Specifically, in terms of education, it is necessary to separate the household registration from the children's right to education of migrant workers, and these floating children must not be left without books and schools because of the household registration problem. This is not only the original intention of the household registration system, but also will affect China's future talent strategy.
In addition, the flow of children of urban migrant workers is tracked and registered. Migrant workers have equal rights to the free movement of citizens, and frequent mobility leads to more and more cases of children transferring to other schools at will, which invisibly increases the work pressure of urban education departments. Therefore, a region should form a unified system and establish a relatively complete statistical database on this issue, so as to comprehensively count the information on the flow of urban migrant workers. For the outflow place, it is necessary to count the information of migrant workers from the local area and enter it into the database in time; Similarly, the inflow areas should also investigate and register the mobility of this group in time, so as not to delay the opportunity for their children to receive education.
3) Help migrant workers' children adapt to school and create healthy psychology.
① Take activities as a link to reduce the sense of social distance of migrant children's school adaptation.
By holding various theme activities and interest activities, we will promote the communication between migrant children of migrant workers and school teachers and peers, especially for teachers and students in public schools. By designing and holding a series of thematic activities (such as improving teachers' understanding of their respective dialects or giving speeches in Putonghua for migrant workers' children), teachers and local students can be promoted to understand and identify with migrant workers' children, and their educational feelings and sense of social responsibility can be enhanced. At the same time, it is necessary to create opportunities for migrant children to show their special skills, narrow their psychological distance from the school, and achieve good physical and mental adaptation and integration.
② Using mental health education and social support to dilute the identity dilemma of migrant children's school adaptation.
For some students with communication barriers and psychological adaptation difficulties, mental health education should be included in school education activities. Attach great importance to the role of migrant children's age characteristics with uncertain personality and psychological development in school adaptation, strengthen the necessity and urgency of "upstream intervention" in life cycle, at the same time strengthen the relationship between schools, communities and families, form a social support system and support network centered on families and communities, especially strengthen the role of families as an important factor of social support in the mental health of migrant children, and promote the school support system centered on teacher-student relationship and peer relationship. With the help of a series of mental health education and social support networks, the poor school adaptation and mental health problems caused by the identity dilemma of migrant workers' children have been diluted.
4) Strengthen social supervision.
Social supervision, also known as mass supervision and public supervision, mainly includes citizen supervision, social group supervision and public opinion supervision. This bottom-up supervision directly reflects the way that people are masters of their own affairs and actively safeguard their own interests. Because the information collected by supervision institutions is local and decentralized, social supervision can avoid supervision becoming a mere formality according to its own characteristics and make up for the imperfection of other supervision procedures. However, at present, social supervision in China has not fully played its role: some people with low living standards have no time to pay attention to the implementation of policies, and they are not clear about the policy plan at all, let alone give opinions on the implementation of policies; Policy subjects deprive the masses of the right to know, deliberately not disclose the relevant information of policy implementation, so that the masses can not participate in supervision; In addition, there are still some problems in the process of actual participation in supervision, such as poor channels, limited independence of supervision and unfair supervision results.
We can construct the social supervision system from the following aspects: (1) Strengthen the transparency of policy implementation. The higher the transparency, the greater the implementation of policies, and the stronger the possibility of achieving goals. Only under the premise of fully understanding the information of each link in the process of policy operation can social supervision be fully realized. Therefore, it is necessary to broaden the channels of information disclosure, improve the forms of information disclosure and implement "sunshine administration". In this way, the masses can experience the convenience of government information disclosure in a timely and zero distance, and the supervision right of the masses can be guaranteed to the maximum extent, so that the implementation activities of the government where the children of urban migrant workers move in can be placed under the attention and supervision of the masses. (2) Strengthen the legislation of social supervision, determine the status of social supervision in the form of special legislation, and clarify the functions and powers of social supervision subjects, supervision procedures, supervision methods, rights and obligations of supervision objects, so that social supervision has laws to follow and rules to follow. (3) Establish effective complaint reporting channels. In order to integrate the supervision power and ensure the smooth flow of public opinion, letters and visits are the most direct way. It can organically combine citizen supervision, social organization supervision and public opinion supervision, integrate the power of social supervision, and establish an effective information communication and cooperation bridge between social supervision and administrative supervision. In order to supervise the effective implementation of the compulsory education policy for migrant children of migrant workers, the government, society, schools and parents should all participate in the supervision and evaluation, find out the defects in the policy in time and feed them back to the decision-making level. (4) Give full play to the public opinion communication function of news media. The news media pay attention to reflecting many problems in real life from the perspective of civilians, such as laid-off, housing difficulties, dust work of migrant workers and their children, etc. , and can expose the improper behavior in policy implementation in time, arouse people's thinking and reaction, and make the bad behavior of the executors converge. The compulsory education for the children of migrant workers in cities is the first time that the news media tracked and reported many problems they faced in compulsory education, prompting and stimulating the government to speed up the introduction of compulsory education policies to protect the children of migrant workers in cities.
5) Try to implement education vouchers.
The "education voucher" was first put forward by Friedman, a Nobel laureate in economics. Its main idea is actually to change the traditional distribution model, that is, every school-age child can take securities and choose any school without geographical restrictions. These securities are "education vouchers" converted from government education funds. Schools that receive these badges can use "education vouchers" to exchange cash from the government to pay for running schools.
The "education voucher" can ensure that the surplus investment in compulsory education is combined with the floating population, so that the education funds of the floating population can be redistributed between different places. We can introduce the "education voucher" system in the children of urban migrant workers, and change the distribution path of compulsory education financial resources from government to school and then to students, so that the inflow government, receiving schools and children of urban migrant workers have motivation. For local governments, as long as the children of migrant workers in cities hold "education vouchers", the central government can make financial transfer payments, which can reduce the burden of local education financial expenditure and thus generate enthusiasm; For receiving schools, especially private schools, we can strive for more government subsidies to ease the pressure on schools; Compared with cash subsidy, it can ensure that this special fund is really used for their compulsory education, and choose their school place according to their own needs. Therefore, compared with the traditional education finance which directly allocates resources to schools, the "education voucher" model has obvious advantages, tends to be fairer, has more free choices and has more transparent policies.