1. students: the main factors of learning (their group differences and individual differences affect the learning and teaching process)

2. Teachers play a key role in teaching (leading the teaching process)

3. Teaching content: The main information intentionally transmitted in the learning and teaching process are: teaching syllabus, teaching materials and courses.

4. Teaching media: the carrier of teaching content, the manifestation of teaching content, and the tool for transmitting information between teachers and students. (affect the presentation and capacity of teaching content: affect the form of teaching organization and students' learning methods)

5. Teaching environment: including the physical environment (classroom natural conditions, teaching facilities and spatial layout) and social environment (classroom discipline, classmate relationship, school spirit and social culture) that affect students' learning process and methods, cognitive development process, teachers' teaching methods and teaching organization.