First of all, improving the quality of farmers is an urgent requirement for building a new socialist countryside.
The main characteristics of the new socialist countryside are: first, there must be new farmers; Second, there must be developed agriculture; Third, there must be prosperous rural areas. To build modern agriculture and promote the leap from traditional agriculture to modern agriculture, we must cultivate thousands of high-quality new farmers in Qian Qian who are "literate, know technology and know how to operate". However, judging from the situation in our county, the quality of farmers has improved since the reform and opening up, but most farmers can't adapt to the requirements of the new era, and there is still a big gap with the new farmers required by the new socialist countryside. Mainly in the following three aspects:
First of all, the scientific and cultural level of farmers restricts the application of advanced technology and equipment in agricultural production. Farmers generally have a low level of education and low level of rural productivity, which is incompatible with the "development of modern agriculture" required by the new rural construction. In most towns and villages in our county, the production tools are still bent plows, hoes, sickles and axes. This level of productivity determines that most farmers' ideas remain in the traditional concept of small-scale production economy, lacking the awareness of open market economy, which leads farmers to only pay attention to immediate interests, personal interests, local interests, short-term behavior and opportunism. Even if they go to the wave of market economy, they can't really become mature. Especially today, with the gradual improvement of the market economy system and the increasingly developed market economy, these performances of farmers are particularly out of date, which is an important aspect of poor quality of farmers.
Secondly, the ideological and moral level of farmers restricts the formation of a good social atmosphere in rural areas. The cultural life of grass-roots farmers is monotonous and lacking, and the cultural construction of rural communities is basically blank at present. In Lingchuan, more than 80% farmers are not in towns and markets, farmers live in scattered places, transportation is inconvenient, and information transmission media is scarce. Internet is still a luxury in rural areas of our county. All kinds of cultural activities have basically stopped, except watching TV, mainly playing mahjong and gambling cards, which complicates the social atmosphere. The public living space of farmers is mainly filled by religion. Farmers' beliefs are increasingly diversified and religious activities are more active, but superstitious elements have revived, and there is even room for cult activities. It is difficult to establish a scientific world outlook and outlook on life, which is not conducive to getting rid of bad habits. These are incompatible with the ideological and moral construction of "rural civilization" required by building a new countryside, which is another important aspect of poor quality of farmers.
Third, the overall quality level of farmers also restricts the improvement of farmers' self-development ability. The education level in rural areas is generally low, and the education period of rural labor force in the county is only 7.2 years, which leads to poor mobility of rural labor force. Even if you go out, you mainly rely on physical strength and coolies to earn money, which is very blind, seasonal and risky. One of the reasons for this situation is that some young laborers only care about immediate interests and unilaterally think that "studying is not as good as making money", thus dropping out of school and working prematurely. Second, the mature labor force has poor ability to accept new technologies and new things, and there are few training opportunities. Third, the vast majority of the elderly labor force follow the traditional backward farming mode and technology in the past and are not interested in skills training. At the same time, information is blocked, the concept of democracy and legal system is weak, and things that violate the law and discipline often happen. When their legitimate rights and interests are infringed, they cannot protect their rights and interests according to law, which greatly limits the ability of farmers to develop themselves.
Second, improving farmers' quality is an important condition for improving farmers' employment level and increasing farmers' income.
Under the condition of developed market economy, it is essential to adjust the industrial structure, develop modern agriculture, realize farmers' employment in non-agricultural industries and increase farmers' income today when building a new socialist countryside and building a well-off society in an all-round way. High-quality farmers are the capital to make a living, the main body of market operation and the key to enhance market competitiveness. As far as we know:
(A) the higher the cultural quality, the higher the income level. Farmers with high cultural quality have new ideas, quick acceptance of new things, strong self-development ability, more employment opportunities and more income. On the contrary, farmers with relatively low quality have a strong sense of small farmers and are slow to accept new varieties and technologies. Even if they develop production in the agricultural industry, their income is relatively low.
(2) The labor force with high cultural quality has strong ability to go out for employment, high mobility and a significantly higher proportion of going out, and can also be employed in industries with relatively low labor intensity and relatively high income level.
(3) Most of the laborers with high cultural quality are employed in non-agricultural industries with high efficiency.
(D) The contribution of cultural quality to the growth of farmers' income has been continuously enhanced.
Improving farmers' quality is a long-term mechanism to increase farmers' income, which is more important than increasing farmers' employment and income. We should raise our awareness ideologically, base ourselves on the long-term, attach importance to the investment in rural education, solve the existing problems, and qualitatively improve the educational level and quality of farmers in our county.
Three, the quality of farmers in our county and the existing problems
The total rural labor force in our county is 107 156.
Working-age population 100037, employees 100 136, of which 5672 1 person is male, accounting for 56.6%, and 434 15 is female, accounting for 43.4%. There are 57,608 people engaged in the primary industry, accounting for 57.5% of the rural labor force; In 2006, farmers moved out 10000 people, including nearly 7000 people in the county, 2934 people in the county and other provinces, and 799 people outside the province. In recent years, the overall quality of farmers in our county is on the rise.
First, the quality of science, technology and culture has generally improved. At present, the penetration rate of rural compulsory education in the county is over 90%. In 2006, primary schools, illiterates and semi-illiterates accounted for 28.5% of the rural labor force, down 7.8 percentage points from 2000; Junior high school education accounted for 57.4%, senior high school and technical secondary school education accounted for 13.2%, and college education accounted for 0.9%, which were 3.6, 2.3, 1.3 and 0.6 percentage points higher than that in 2000 respectively. Among the migrant workers, those with high school education or above accounted for 24.2%, up 2.9 percentage points over the previous year; The number of people receiving professional training accounted for 15%, an increase of 3 percentage points over the previous year.
Second, the quality of science and technology management has improved significantly. In recent years, farmers' scientific, technological and cultural quality has been significantly improved through the implementation of projects such as science and technology household project, new farmers' scientific and technological training project, and labor transfer sunshine training project. In 2006, the number of rural laborers receiving training reached 30%, up by 7 percentage points over the previous year. The training efforts organized by the government continued to increase, accounting for 67.3% of the total number of trainees, 14.5% organized by enterprises and 18.2% spontaneously. There are 33 professional cooperative organizations in the county, and 10000 farmers have joined the professional cooperative organizations. There are nearly 900 farmers' brokers.
Third, health quality is improving day by day. By the end of last year, the county had improved township hospitals 12 and built 257 village clinics. There are180,000 farmers in the county who have participated in the new rural cooperative medical system, and their health level has been greatly improved compared with that in 2000. A multi-level rural endowment insurance system has been established, with nearly 1 10,000 farmers participating in endowment insurance in the county. The overall living standard of farmers began to move towards a more affluent well-off society.
Fourth, the quality of democracy and law has been significantly improved. The implementation of the national law popularization plan and the development of various trainings have accelerated the speed of law popularization in rural areas and improved farmers' legal awareness; By improving the system of village affairs openness and villagers' autonomy and actively promoting the construction of grassroots democracy, village affairs openness has been implemented in 100% villages in the county, and farmers' satisfaction with village affairs openness and social security has reached over 85%; The protection of migrant workers' rights and interests has been gradually strengthened.
Although the overall quality of farmers in our county has improved in recent years, there are still some problems that cannot be ignored.
(A) the ideological and moral quality is relatively declining. First, some local farmers are indifferent to collectivism, emphasizing rights and interests over obligations, mainly reflected in collective public welfare undertakings. It is easy to participate in litigation, but it is difficult to pay for work. Second, the concept of clan has risen in some places, especially in the election of village committees, where people only vote for their own surnames, and there is also a phenomenon of cliques. Third, some young farmers unilaterally pursue enjoyment, do not make progress, and have serious money worship thoughts. Fourth, in some places, there are feudal habits and superstitions such as seeking God and believing in evil and gathering people to gamble.
(2) The quality of science, technology and culture is unbalanced. First, there is an imbalance between regions. The economy in the west is better than that in the underdeveloped areas in the east. Second, there is an imbalance between industries, and the quality of farmers engaged in non-agricultural industries is higher than that of primary industries. According to statistics, in 2006, 8.2% of the farmers engaged in the primary industry were illiterate and semi-illiterate, which was 1 percentage point higher than that in 2000. Third, the age structure is unbalanced, and the quality of young farmers is higher than that of old farmers. The fourth is the imbalance between men and women. Men are better at farming than women.
(3) The health quality is generally low. Farmers lack basic knowledge of healthy life, have not developed scientific living habits, and their health status is relatively poor. The life expectancy of farmers is about 2 years lower than that of urban residents.
The main reasons for the above problems are as follows: from the outside, the long-standing "dual" structure between urban and rural areas is extremely unbalanced in resource allocation: most schools in cities have good buildings and complete equipment, and are funded by public finance, so the overall quality of teachers is high; However, there are many dangerous buildings and lack of teaching equipment in rural primary and secondary schools, and most of them are built by farmers themselves, so the overall quality of teachers needs to be improved urgently; In addition to general education, some urban students can also choose education with professional characteristics such as "vocational skills" and "foreign languages", while rural students are limited to general compulsory education. Although there have been some improvements, the unfair education situation has not been completely corrected. It is manifested in three aspects: first, the high education fees affect the family life of farmers' children; Second, discriminatory education investment policy; The third is the discriminatory policy of urban and rural admission standards. This unfairness is the most fundamental reason for the relatively poor quality of farmers. From the inside of rural areas, the strength of rural collective economy is weak, and the ability to develop rural public utilities and do practical things for villagers is insufficient. The degree of organization is low, and the prestige of some local village committees is not high, lacking cohesion and appeal, and it is impossible to organize farmers to participate in various education and training activities; The income level of farmers is low. At present, the per capita net income of farmers is only 38% of that of disposable income of urban households, and the income gap between urban and rural residents is widening. Farmers have short and narrow activity radius, conservative ideas and poor ability to accept new things. Their consumption investment is mainly concentrated in housing construction, children's marriage, children's schooling, etc., and their investment in improving their own quality is relatively insufficient, so it is difficult to improve their overall quality.
Fourth, ideas and countermeasures to improve farmers' quality and cultivate new farmers.
Improving farmers' quality and cultivating new farmers is a very complicated systematic project, which requires a long and complicated process and cannot be achieved overnight. Party committees and governments at all levels should combine the construction of new countryside, strengthen the leadership of this work, strengthen the construction of grassroots leading bodies, formulate plans to improve farmers' quality according to actual conditions, incorporate them into local economic and social development plans, and incorporate their work into the assessment scope of grassroots cadres; Further integrate education and training resources, adjust the layout of rural basic education, promote the reform of farmers' education and training system, improve the education and training operation mechanism of government overall planning, departmental cooperation and social participation, and establish and improve the rural education and farmers' training system; Constantly increase financial input, establish a stable growth education funding guarantee mechanism, speed up the exemption of tuition and miscellaneous fees for rural compulsory education, make full use of the "green box" policy to increase investment in farmers' education and training, formulate preferential policies, broaden financing channels, and encourage social forces to jointly set up education and training for rural and farmers; Accelerate the transfer of rural labor force, encourage farmers to work in non-agricultural industries, encourage young rural laborers who have entered the city to return home to start businesses, encourage outstanding talents to flow to the countryside, and form a good mechanism for the two-way flow of talents; Popularize rural compulsory education, strengthen farmers' scientific and technological training, prosper rural cultural undertakings, speed up the development of rural health undertakings, carry out ideological and moral education in depth, and extensively carry out rural legal education activities, so as to comprehensively improve farmers' comprehensive quality from the aspects of scientific and technological culture, management, health, ideology and morality, democracy and legal system, and lay a solid foundation for building a new socialist countryside.
-strive to improve the cultural quality of farmers. Since the reform and opening up, China's rural basic education has developed rapidly, but there is still a big gap compared with some developed countries in the world. In some areas, nine-year compulsory education in rural areas is not universal, illiteracy among young and middle-aged people still exists, and the phenomenon of teenagers dropping out of school is still very serious. This backward situation is far from meeting the needs of building a new socialist countryside. In order to fundamentally reverse the passive situation, governments at all levels must conscientiously implement the overall requirements of the state on improving the quality of farmers and accelerating the development of rural human resources, base on long-term development, persist in starting from the foundation, starting from the doll, and starting from the quality education of the newborn labor force, increase investment in education, and completely solve the problem of arrears in wages and education funds for rural primary and secondary school teachers. Efforts should be made to improve the conditions for running schools and realize the transformation of compulsory education from 9-year system to 12-year system as soon as possible. By gradually increasing the number of rural high schools, expanding the scale of running rural high schools, increasing the enrollment rate of rural junior high school graduates, and allowing more rural students to receive better cultural education.
-Strive to improve the scientific and technological quality of farmers. Vigorously developing farmers' vocational education and various forms of technical training, especially free practical technical training, is an effective way to speed up the improvement of farmers' scientific and technological quality. Therefore, it is necessary to focus on the development of vocational education and extensively carry out multi-level, multi-channel and multi-form scientific and technological training and promotion around the goals of increasing grain production, increasing agricultural efficiency and increasing farmers' income.
-strive to improve the ideological and moral quality of farmers. The practice of reform and opening up has proved that if we neglect and relax the ideological and moral education for farmers, people's values will be distorted, social morality and social atmosphere will decline, which will inevitably affect rural economic development and social progress. Therefore, to build a new socialist countryside, we must strive to improve the ideological and moral quality of farmers and form a good social fashion. First of all, insist on arming farmers with Deng Xiaoping Theory and Theory of Three Represents. Secondly, strengthen the education of basic Marxist theory. Third, fully implement the implementation outline of citizen moral construction.
-Strive to improve the legal quality of farmers. Improving farmers' legal quality is not only a basic work in the construction of rural democracy and legal system in China, but also a reliable guarantee for implementing the party's basic strategy of governing the country according to law and building a new socialist countryside. Therefore, it is necessary to continuously increase the publicity and education of the legal system and create a good atmosphere for everyone to learn, understand and abide by the law.
-Strive to improve the physical quality of farmers. Improving farmers' physique, fully tapping the huge potential advantages of human resources and human capital in physique, and making farmers devote themselves to the construction of new socialist countryside with strong physique are glorious and arduous important responsibilities of party committees, governments and competent departments at all levels. Therefore, we must firmly establish the concept of "people-oriented" and improve the soft environment of rural public health by strengthening farmers' physique and improving their health level. First of all, develop rural sports and enhance farmers' physique. Secondly, develop rural cooperative medical care and build a health security system for farmers. Third, control the rural population growth and improve the quality of the follow-up labor force.