1, the embryonic stage of educational research methods

Also called visual observation period. It is generally believed that this period lasted from ancient Greece to AD16th century. During this period, people can't correctly analyze nature, society and education, but mainly observe and study nature and human society as a whole through intuitive feelings, and gain preliminary experience from it. The research methods in this period are primitive, spontaneous and simple. The main features are: ① Observation and induction.

In the slave society and feudal society, with the appearance of figures and the emergence and development of school education, all aspects of cultural and scientific knowledge have been accumulated and enriched, and educational research methods such as observation and summary have been consciously used by educators, and educational research methods such as historical method, literature method, measurement and evaluation method and speculative method have also appeared.

Historical research method and literature research method Many educators and thinkers in ancient China consulted historical documents and annotated the educational speeches of their ancestors, which belong to historical research method and literature research method.

The imperial examination in ancient China was the earliest measurement and evaluation method in the world.

Speculation and logical reasoning are research methods that rely on insufficient observation of facts and use intuition and simple logical reasoning to roughly grasp the general nature of phenomena. In ancient times, speculative methods have reached a fairly high level, such as China's "Five Elements Theory", Indian's "Four Elements Theory" and Heraclitus's "The Source of Everything is Fire" in ancient Greece. Aristotle summed up various viewpoints and established a relatively complete logical system.

Many educational ideas and teaching methods in ancient France were formed through experience summary and speculation. Socrates summarized the debate process and put forward a three-step teaching method of "questioning-definition-summary", namely Socrates midwifery. Quintilian summed up the education situation in Rome and first put forward the idea of teaching in different classes.

Ancient educational research mostly stayed at the level of qualitative description and subjective analysis and inference, lacking comprehensive and systematic logical argumentation, verification of scientific experiments and accurate quantitative analysis.

2. The prosperous period of educational scientific research methods.

The scientific research method in this period is mainly analysis, which is also called methodology period. The time is from the end of 16 to the beginning of the 20th century. The characteristics of this period are as follows: ① from experience to theoretical generalization, education is studied as a development process, and the relationship between phenomena and the development process are emphasized; ② The combination of epistemology and research methods initially forms induction and deduction; ③ Psychological thoughts began to become the basis of educational science research methods.

From the end of 15 to the end of 16, natural science began to develop scientifically, systematically and comprehensively, and the position of experiments in natural science research was also established. Galileo first studied experimental methods and proposed that sensory experience should come from observation and experiment. It pioneered the research method of combining experimental method, rational method and mathematical method. Another person who systematically studied the experimental methods was Francis Bacon of England. Bacon pointed out in the book New Tools that science should be experimental science and advocated the induction and sublimation of experience. He put forward eight experimental principles, such as variation method, repetition method, inversion method, migration method, elimination method and application method.

Since the17th century, the combination of empirical methods and rational methods has been widely used, and various scientific methods such as mathematical methods and logical methods have also been developed. The formation of various research methods in the field of science has promoted the development of educational research methods, especially the experimental research and quantitative analysis of natural science, which has laid the foundation for educational scientific research.

19 century to the end of World War II 1945 is the heyday of the development of educational research methods. During this period, psychologists and educators strongly advocated educational experiments and promoted the development of educational experiments.

A Comte, the originator of positivism, believes that in order to become a science, social science must use natural science research methods such as observation, comparison and experiment to combine observation with reasoning. He first put forward the idea of quantitative research method and became the founder of social psychology.

Applying the research methods of natural science to educational research, positivism became the most typical feature of this period.

Experimental method 1. Kant first proposed experimental research on education. He pointed out that education is both science and art, and to make education a science, we must advocate educational experiments.

1769- 1804, the Swiss educator pestalozzi founded "Poverty Children's Home" in Xinzhuang and conducted an educational experiment.

1825, Owen, England, founded Xinhe Harmonious Village, an immigrant area, and conducted educational experiments.

1879, Feng Te initiated the establishment of a psychology laboratory to study people's psychology by experiments.

1882, Gao Erdun of England established an anthropological laboratory in London to study individual differences.

1896, Dewey, USA, founded the Experimental School of the University of Chicago to conduct educational experiments.

During the period of 1932- 1940, Thorndike of the United States applied the methods of zoology research and psychological experiments to education research, believing that educational phenomena and educational theories must be strictly verified by experiments, and conducted large-scale educational experimental research in the United States for eight years.

China's educational experiment movement began in the 1920s. Influenced by the American educational experimental movement at that time, educational experimental areas were established in various places. By 1935, there are 193 educational experimental zones in China. The famous figures in this period are Tao Xingzhi and Liang Shuming.

At the beginning of the 20th century, measurement methods have made great progress.

1864, George Fisher of England compiled the earliest achievement scale.

1895- 1905, rice in the United States compiled tests on arithmetic, spelling and language.

At 1905, Binet.Alfred. Alfred and T Simon compiled Binet Intelligence Scale.

1909, Thorndike, an American educational psychologist who is known as the originator of educational measurement, used statistical principles to compile standard measurement tools such as calligraphy scale, spelling scale and composition scale, which made educational measurement embark on a scientific road.

19 18, Thorndike proposed that "everything exists in quantity", 1923, Maccoll proposed that "everything with quantity can be measured". Under the influence of these viewpoints, the movement of educational measurement arose in the early 20th century, which laid the foundation for the development of educational statistics and educational measurement.

/kloc-after the 0/9th century, educational researchers began to pay attention to the application of investigation in educational research, and educational investigation began to become standardized and scientific.

In 1990s, Stanley Hall, USA, conducted an education survey through questionnaires.

1897, Rice of America made a survey on spelling practice.

19 10 years, Paul Hanus, a professor at Harvard University, conducted a school survey.

1911-1912 conducted a large-scale school survey in new york.

Generally speaking, during this period, the research methods of natural science and other social sciences were widely transplanted and entered the field of educational research, which made the educational research method a big step forward to science. Inheritance, reference and innovation make educational scientific research gradually form its own method system.

3. The formation of independent disciplines.

Since the 20th century, educational scientific research has developed into a specialized subject. The characteristics of this period are as follows: ① Educational scientific research has become an independent research field; The deepening of psychological research has promoted the development of educational science research.

Comprehensiveness and humanism became the most typical characteristics of this period. With the development of educational research in the scientific direction, people have also found its shortcomings, that is, ignoring many uncontrollable factors such as people's psychological characteristics, emotional factors and situational factors. Therefore, from the 1940s, educational science research began to pay attention to introducing humanistic research methods, such as real experience, open interviews, case studies, action research and participatory observation, into educational phenomena.

Several stages are here.