Socrates thought that "virtue is knowledge" after exploration. "Knowledge" is not only the knowledge about good and evil, that is, what is good and what is evil, but also the knowledge of the means to achieve good. Knowledge of good and evil plays a leading role in all knowledge. "Knowledge" in Virtue is Knowledge has practical ability and can dominate people's behavior, instead of being led by emotions and desires like slaves. At this point, Socrates believes that no one will know good or bad or know evil. In his argument, Socrates equated good with happiness and evil with pain and misfortune. Therefore, if someone knows that something is evil and chooses it, it shows that people want misfortune. And how can people expect misfortune? From this, it is concluded that the reason why people know good and evil or know evil is fundamentally because people have no real knowledge of good and evil.
What impressed Pestalozzi most was his educational novel Lianhard and Godud, whose contents were almost unknown. He once set up an orphanage to receive and educate orphans. He works day and night and is in charge of children's life and education. He lived, worked and studied with his children and established a father-son friendship. In education, Pestalozzi pays attention to the education of family love for children, and carries out intellectual education, moral education and physical education according to the characteristics of children.
Pestalozzi regards love as the basis of moral education and attaches importance to family-style moral and emotional education. He believes that only the feelings between relatives in the family are the closest, and the relationship between relatives is also the closest. Once this emotion or relationship breaks down, the child will suffer for life. He believes that mothers play an important role in cultivating children's emotions. By loving and trusting children, mothers can inspire children's seeds of love, trust and gratitude, which are intertwined and develop the seeds of conscience. Children begin with their love for their mothers, and then develop to love their brothers and sisters, the people around them and everyone. Therefore, Pestalozzi believes that in education, the ability to transfer children's feelings for their mothers to others and society is the key to teaching art, and he believes that the natural relationship of families and the atmosphere of love should also be introduced into schools. In school, the relationship between teachers and students is parent-child relationship, and the relationship between students is brotherly relationship. Schools should be as full of affection and joy as families. Pestalozzi used this kind of affection to educate children and develop their moral strength.
Dewey believes that thinking will give correct guidance to experience, and Dewey points out that lack of thinking experience will lead to two bad results: one is to stick to the rules and not look at the actual situation; The other is wayward behavior that lacks foresight. Dewey believes that "for a child, putting his hand in the flame is not an experience;" When this action is related to the result he suffered, it is experience. From then on, he knew that reaching out to the flame meant burning. "Experience is not just something to do, but a summary of what has been done to guide the next step.
We not only need the guidance of thinking, but also need to correctly analyze the current situation and choose the best method in the process of "doing", and we also need to "reflect on experience", not only our own experience, but also the experience of others.
Not everything can be called experience, and not all experiences are instructive. Dewey believes that believing that all real education comes from experience does not mean that all experiences really have or play the same educational role. "The reformed experience or scientific experience has its universality, and personal experience only applies to the personal situation at that time and cannot be used by society; Experience is dynamic, and the previous experience may not be suitable for what is happening now, so we should choose the appropriate experience according to the actual situation. Science is to sort out experience. This reminds us that we should always adhere to the principle of integrating theory with practice, and we should not talk about theory and aim at experience.