Rabies, also known as rabies, is an acute infectious disease caused by rabies virus, which mainly invades the central nervous system. Human rabies is usually transmitted to humans through the bite of a sick dog. There are mainly clinical symptoms such as fear of water, wind, light and sound, and the mortality rate is almost 100%.

Second, what are the sources of rabies infection?

Rabies has two sources of transmission. Rabies dogs (dogs, foxes, wolves, etc. People with rabies are the main source of infection.

1. Dogs, cats and other animals with rabies virus. Rabies is common in domestic dogs, wild dogs and cats in nature. Dogs are the main animal hosts of rabies virus, and about 80%-90% of human rabies is transmitted by rabies.

Some animals will not get sick, have no symptoms and will not die after being bitten by a mad dog. It's just that there is a lot of rabies virus in saliva. People who bite people will die of rabies, and this "healthy" animal is still alive. This kind of recessive virus-carrying animals accounts for 15.2%, the virus-carrying rate of domestic animals is not high, and puppies are the most dangerous source of infection among dogs. Because these are often overlooked, they are worse than typical mad dogs.

In people suffering from rabies, the virus can be separated from their saliva. Although there are few cases of human-to-human transmission, we should pay attention to it.

In addition, the incubation period of rabies varies. According to relevant data, the shortest time is 5 days, the longest time is 19 years or longer, and the average time is 1-3 months.

3. What are the modes of transmission of rabies?

1, bitten or scratched by dogs or other animals or licking mucous membrane infection. Rabies virus invades nerves through wounds and mucous membranes, which is the main infection mode.

2. Infected by accidentally stabbing your hand during slaughter or peeling.

3, through the digestive tract infection. Animals that died of rabies were buried underground, frozen in winter, pulled out by wild dogs or other animals, ate meat and became infected with rabies.

4. What are the main clinical manifestations and macroscopic lesions of rabies?

The clinical manifestations of animals are similar, which can be generally divided into two types: violent type and paralytic type.

Dogs: The types of violence can be divided into prodromal symptoms, excitement and paralysis.

The prodromal or depressive period is about half a day to two days. Sick dogs are depressed and often hide in the dark, unwilling to get close to people or disobey orders. Forced traction bites the owner, and his temperament is different in peacetime. The sick dog has an abnormal appetite and likes to eat foreign bodies. His throat is slightly paralyzed and his neck will stretch when swallowed. Hyperreflexia due to dilated pupils. Hypersexuality, sniffing your own or other dogs' sex organs, increased saliva secretion, and weakness in the hindquarters.

Excitement period or violence period: this period lasts about 2-4 days. Sick dogs are very violent and often attack people and animals. Violent episodes often alternate with depression. Sick dogs often show a special squint and frightened expression, attack wildly and bite limbs, tail and genitals. Sick dogs often wander in the wild, even wandering to places dozens of kilometers away, and most of them don't return, biting people and animals. With the development of the disease, they fall into consciousness disorder, reflex disorder and crazy biting. Animals are obviously emaciated, barking hoarse, sunken eyes, dilated or narrowed pupils, drooling and shrinking tails.

The period of paralysis is about 1 ~ 2 days, which rapidly develops into paralysis, jaw drooping, tongue sticking out of mouth, salivation, paralysis of limbs and hindquarters, inability to lie down, and finally death due to paralysis or failure of respiratory center.

The whole course of disease lasts 6-8 days, and a few cases can be extended to 10 days.

5. What is rabies virus and how is its resistance?

Rabies virus belongs to rabies virus genus of RNA rhabdoviridae. Viruses mainly exist in the central nervous system, salivary glands and saliva of animals. In the cytoplasm of salivary glands and central nervous system (especially hippocampus, cerebral cortex and cerebellum), rabies-specific inclusions are formed, which are round or oval and eosinophilic. The virus is sensitive to disinfectants such as hydrogen peroxide, potassium permanganate, bromogeramine and lysol. 1% ~ 2% soapy water, 43% ~ 70% alcohol, 0.0 1% iodine solution, acetone and ether can inactivate it. Viruses are not resistant to damp heat; Heating at 50℃ 15 minutes, heating at 60℃ for a few minutes, and heating at 100℃ for 2 minutes can inactivate the virus, but it can be stored for a long time in a frozen or dry state. Survive in 50% glycerol buffer or at 4℃ for several months to one year.

6. What harm does rabies do to people?

Most people get the disease because they are bitten by rabies animals. Once they get sick, the mortality rate is almost 100%, so vaccination is of great significance in this disease. The initial symptoms are headache, fatigue, loss of appetite, nausea and vomiting, and the bitten part has fever, itching and ants walking. The patient has rapid pulse, dilated pupils, full eyes of tears, drooling, sweating, sometimes spasm of respiratory muscles and pharynx, and dyspnea. Patients will show fear when they see water, hence the name "water phobia". During the intermission of the attack, he showed fear and anxiety, and sometimes he became crazy and lost self-control. Usually died of general paralysis 3 ~ 4 days after onset.

Seven, who is prone to rabies and precautions?

People who are exposed to rabies include laboratory staff, veterinarians, dog owners and so on. These people belong to high-risk groups and should be vaccinated.

8. Why does rabies die 100%?

This is because the rabies virus is very toxic. Once it enters the human body, it will attack the target and take a different path from other viruses. For example, influenza virus mainly invades respiratory tract, and SARS virus mainly invades lung tissue. But rabies virus is different, it is neurotic, mainly attacking the brain and nerve tissue, and it travels along the direction of human nerves. So the target of the attack spread to almost all nerve tissues, including cerebellum, spine, kidneys and internal organs, leading to central nervous system failure, so it was almost impossible to save, and the mortality rate was quite high, almost 100%.

9. Can you get rabies by eating dog meat?

Rabies is not a sensitive virus. Ultraviolet light, high temperature and alcohol can kill it. Therefore, eating dog meat to get rabies is only possible under the following circumstances:

1, eating wild dogs without quarantine and carrying viruses;

2. The dog meat is half cooked;

3, diners have wounds in the stomach or oral mucosa, such as ulcers, which are prone to rabies virus infection.

X. What is the most effective way to prevent rabies?

Vaccinate cats and dogs. Dogs over 3 months old should be vaccinated. At present, the safety of the vaccine is very stable and its immunity is quite good. Only active whole-course immunization can prevent rabies.

XI。 What should I do after being bitten by a dog?

After being bitten, the wound should be treated first, and then rabies vaccine and immunoglobulin should be injected at the CDC immediately.

First, don't stop bleeding, let the blood flow out, then rinse with 20% soapy water 1000-150010-20 minutes, then rinse with plenty of water10 minutes, and finally apply iodine to disinfect the wound. Then go to the designated rabies vaccination department to vaccinate rabies vaccine in time and all the time.

Generally speaking, the bitten wound is deep and serious, and the closer it is to the head and face, the more dangerous it is. Vaccines and immune serum must be injected as soon as possible.

Twelve, how to prevent rabies?

First of all, dogs should be injected with rabies vaccine, and rabies vaccine for animals should be injected regularly at designated rabies immunization points. The vaccine can protect dogs, greatly reduce the infection rate and morbidity of dogs, and reduce the threat to human beings. Secondly, after a person is bitten by a dog, he should squeeze out dirty blood, wash the wound with soapy water or clear water in time, and inject the dog vaccine into health institutions such as disease control (epidemic prevention) and hospitals as soon as possible, and even inject anti-rabies virus serum in severe cases.

Thirteen, pet cats and dogs that have been injected with rabies vaccine for animals are bitten or scratched. Do they need rabies shots?

Yes, because it can only protect cats and dogs from getting sick, but it may still carry viruses.

14. Is it necessary to get vaccinated within 24 hours after being bitten by a dog? What if I don't get vaccinated in time?

Vaccinate against rabies after being bitten by a dog. In principle, the sooner the better. Before the vaccine stimulates the body to produce enough immunity, as long as people are not sick, the injection is still effective for more than 24 hours. Because of the long incubation period of rabies, people who have not been vaccinated in time should be vaccinated as soon as possible, just like those who have just been bitten.

Fifteen, after vaccination with rabies vaccine and serum, what problems should be paid attention to in work, life and diet?

Don't drink alcohol, strong tea and other irritating foods and strenuous exercise.

Sixteen, only bitten by rabies can you get rabies?

Rabies is an animal infectious disease, and many animals such as wolves, foxes, dogs and cats may suffer from it. However, cats and dogs are most closely related to human beings. More than 90% of human rabies is transmitted by dogs, followed by cats.

The saliva of mad dogs or other crazy animals already contains a lot of viruses. When biting, the virus in saliva will pollute the wound and invade the human body to cause infection, which is the most common way for people to suffer from rabies. But rabies is not only caused by dog bites, rabies virus can also cause infection through mucous membranes. If the child licks the anus after defecation, although there is no bite, if the dog's saliva contains virus, the child can get rabies. A farmer accidentally cut his finger while skinning a mad dog and died of rabies afterwards. In addition, rabies virus can survive in dead animals for a long time. Therefore, you must never skin a mad dog, let alone eat meat, let alone sell it in the market. You must burn it or dig a hole to bury it deep to avoid being bitten by other animals.

Seventeen, how to identify crazy animals?

The early manifestations of mad animals are obvious changes in temperament, such as anxiety or fear and nervousness. Some sick animals are extremely friendly to their owners, wagging their tails for mercy, but when they are slightly stimulated, they will bite and take the initiative to attack strangers; Some live alone, don't stay with other animals, and become indifferent to their owners; Some people have strange eating habits, such as eating dirt, eating grass and eating wood. These abnormal manifestations are hard to find without careful observation. At the earliest stage of the disease, the saliva of sick animals contained a lot of rabies virus. At this time, if you are close and play fast, it is easy to get infected and get sick.

Crazy animals enter the excitement period after the initial onset, which is characterized by fidgeting, running around and biting impermanence. At this time, they can't tell strangers from acquaintances, but they show the crazy state of attacking people. Many people were bitten at this time. Then the sick dog hangs his tail, or his tail is sandwiched between his legs, his mouth is open, his mouth drools smoothly, he has difficulty swallowing, he walks unsteadily, and his whole body hair stands on end. In the late stage, the sick animals will soon have difficulty breathing and die of systemic failure.

It is worth noting that a few crazy animals are "quiet", that is, there is no obvious excitement; There are also a few animals that don't get sick, which is called "virus-carrying state" (rabies virus can be transmitted to people or other animals, but it doesn't get sick itself), which is more dangerous than people's attention.

Eighteen, how to deal with the mad dog after culling?

Because rabies virus exists in animals for a long time, it may be infected with rabies if it is skinned and eaten by culled mad dogs. Therefore, the culled mad dogs must not be skinned, eaten, thrown about, let alone sold in the market, but should be burned or buried deep to prevent other animals from digging and eating corpses to expand pollution, and other culled mad dogs should also be treated in the same way. In addition, animals bitten by mad dogs should be culled immediately, and we should not take any chances.

What should dog and cat farmers pay attention to in daily epidemic prevention?

Dog and cat farmers should pay attention to the cleanliness and hygiene of pens, and disinfect them regularly, and carry out rabies immunization in time according to regulations.

20. Should cats and dogs be quarantined when they are transported or sold?

Before transporting or selling dogs and cats, the owner shall declare quarantine to the supervising agency for animal epidemic prevention, and the supervising agency for animal epidemic prevention shall issue an animal quarantine certificate to the dogs and cats that pass the quarantine; When transporting or selling dogs, dogs should have rabies immune identification, and owners must hold quarantine certificates.